1. GEWEX WV Assessment Responding to the GEWEX needs the Water Vapour Assessment contributes to the evaluation of GCOS water vapour ECV CDRs; This includes a comprehensive documentation of the data records, of the analysis approaches used and of the assessment results; The assessment is performed in close collaboration with the data record producers assuring a fair process for each participating datarecord; The assessment made significant progress by: − Consolidating the assessment plan; − Collecting data sets and compiling information on them; − Developing a comparison metric and basic comparison processing tools; − Performing first analysis of long-term data records. Caveat: The large number of available data records, the diversity in parameter definitions and formats is a challenge and requires decisions on priorities related to the analysis performed with the data records. ⇒ GCOS AOPC is invited to take note.

2. Measuring humidity from R/S

3. Direct comparison of radiosondes 60-80%80-100%

4. Monitoring Radisonde Humidity Biases Use of satellite radiances to monitor radiosonde humidity biases UT MT LT Anchorage(WMO no. 70273) Br. Temperature difference (degK) Sonde –Satellite (degK)

5. ECMWF FD/RD meeting 13 March 2015, ECMWF BUFR radiosonde coverage and quality ~70% report some BUFR (similar for Synop stations) Many are reformatted TEMP X (problems), some are HiRes ☺ ECMWF wiki page about BUFR data – international exchange Newsletter items Feedback including:  Position errors  Td > T …

6. Upper Air Water Vapour Contributing Network(s) Status Contributing Satellite Data Status Reference network of high-quality and high- altitude radiosondes (GRUAN). GCOS Upper-Air Network (subset of full WWW/GOS radiosondes network). Full WWW/GOS radiosonde network. Ground-based GNSS receiver network. Commercial aircraft. Raman Lidar Uplooking MW radiometer Accurate reference sondes measuring upper-tropospheric and lower- stratospheric humidity are needed. Accuracy of water vapour measurements is improving, but is still inadequate for climate purposes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Wider international exchange of data is needed Aircraft data are potentially useful. E- TAMDAR Only very limited research instruments EU project to develop network Microwave imagers and sounders Infrared sounders GNSS radio occultation; Infrared and micro- wave limb sounders Solar occultation NIR radiances over land Continuity assured for operational microwave and IR sounders; Continuity for microwave imagery is likely Continuity for GNSS RO constellation still needs to be secured. No continuity Continuity assured

7. © Crown copyright Met Office7 Long-term variability: Tropical mean anomalies in large-scale descending regions Model reproduces observed variability very well Indicates no significant trend in UTH Deseasonalised anomaly time series of tropical (30S-30N) descent region UTH observed by HIRS and AMSU-B, and modelled by HadGEM2. For clarity, each time series has been smoothed using a 3-month running mean.

8. Improvement in ground-based GPS October 2012May 2013

9. Recommendations Better characterisation of R/S humidity sensors. Make available ground-based GPS TZD outside US and Europe Determine characteristics of aircraft humidity. Determine value of emerging ground-based remote sensing networks (MW, FTIR, Lidar) Encourage space agencies to provide limb sounder for stratospheric measurements Explore GNSS-RO for low level water vapour concentrations

10. Radiation Budget Variables TOA upwelling SW flux (all-sky) TOA upwelling LW flux (all-sky) TOA solar irradiance TOA incoming solar spectral irradiance

11. © Crown copyright Met Office11 SW CRF LW CRF Biases compared to CERES – Annual Mean New Cloud Scheme Old Cloud Scheme

12. © Crown copyright Met Office12 Development of a set of metrics to assess model performance is important. How can satellite datasets contribute?

13. © Crown copyright Met Office13 ERB Observations

14. Radiation Budget Future continuity of TOA ERB needs to be assured for at least 1 polar orbit CERES -> RBI and new Chinese Sensors ERM-1, SIM-2. New requirement for spectrally resolved irradiances not being met

15. © Crown copyright Met Office15 Receipt of radiosonde data at ECMWF Black TAC, Blue BUFR. Number of stations reporting in 12 hour windows. 15% of stations providing native BUFR, 55% of stations providing reformatted TEMP, 30% of stations - no BUFR

16. © Crown copyright Met Office16