1. Eurostat Some provisional definitions of circular migration for statistical purposes Giampaolo LANZIERI International Workshop on Methodological Challenges for the Study of Return and Circular Migration - TEMPER

2. Eurostat How to identify circular migration? Intuitive concept, but difficult to make it operational Various dimensions: Repetition: how many migration segments needed? Directionality: country of origin/destination? Duration: time threshold? Purpose: labour-related? Status: only legal/managed migration? Other policy/social dimensions (developmental impact, etc.) … TEMPER Workshop, Madrid, 22 January 2015 G. Lanzieri - Provisional definitions circular migration 2

3. Eurostat Additional issues Definition/limitation of circular migration as for: Simple vs. complex patterns Starting point of the 'circularity' Time width of reference Applicability of 'mirror criteria' Number of circular emigrants to B measured in A should equal the number of circular immigrants from A measured in B 'Sustainability' of the data collection Possibly no additional burden, readily available, minimum costs, possibility of regular production, etc.. Nesting in official migration statistics? Implications for: Concept of residence (usual residence) Time criterion (12 months) Actual/intended stay Difficulty for information on migration history and destinations TEMPER Workshop, Madrid, 22 January 2015 G. Lanzieri - Provisional definitions circular migration 3

4. Eurostat Definition by the EMN From the European Migration Network (Asylum and Migration Glossary, 2012:121): Circular migration is a repetition of legal migration by the same person between two or more countries. Mainly targeting Third-Country Nationals TEMPER Workshop, Madrid, 22 January 2015 G. Lanzieri - Provisional definitions circular migration 4

5. Eurostat An on-going work UNECE Task Force on 'Measuring Circular Migration': approved by the Bureau of the Conference of European Statisticians in early 2013 2 years duration 15 members: NSOs, national policy makers and international organizations (including Eurostat) to propose a common international statistical definition of circular migration (among other things) report under preparation / several definitions discussed TEMPER Workshop, Madrid, 22 January 2015 G. Lanzieri - Provisional definitions circular migration 5

6. Eurostat Some preliminary considerations If data on circular migration are nested in (Eurostat) official migration statistics: Any migration is a change of country of usual residence The duration of (actual or intended) stay is at least 12 months There is no reference to purpose or legal status or any additional criteria National border-crossings within the EU are international migrations On annual basis, the number of circular migrants is equal to the number of circular migrations (identity event = person experiencing the event) Circular migrants are a subset of migrants and they could be tabulated as such TEMPER Workshop, Madrid, 22 January 2015 G. Lanzieri - Provisional definitions circular migration 6

7. Eurostat Provisional proposals by Eurostat/1 Circular immigrant is: a foreign-born person who has immigrated more than once to the same country (over the latest ten years?). (NOTE: implicitly, the duration of each stay in the country is of at least one year); or a person who has immigrated more than once to the same country (over the latest ten years?). Data on circular immigrants should preferably be broken down by country of birth and by country of origin. Similar for short-term circular immigrants, duration of stay in the country between 3 and 12 months TEMPER Workshop, Madrid, 22 January 2015 G. Lanzieri - Provisional definitions circular migration 7

8. Eurostat Provisional proposals by Eurostat/2 Circular emigrant is: a native-born person who has emigrated more than once from the same country (over the latest ten years?). (NOTE: implicitly, the duration of each stay abroad is of at least one year); or a person who has emigrated more than once from the same country (over the latest ten years?). Data on circular emigrants should preferably be broken down by country of birth and by country of destination. Similar for short-term circular emigrants, with duration of stay abroad between 3 and 12 months TEMPER Workshop, Madrid, 22 January 2015 G. Lanzieri - Provisional definitions circular migration 8

9. Eurostat Provisional proposals by Eurostat/3 From the point of view of the event: Circular immigration is a repeated immigration by the same foreign-born person (over a period of 10 years?). Circular emigration is a repeated emigration by the same native-born person (over a period of 10 years?). Alternatively: Circular migration is a repeated migration by the same person (over a period of 10 years?), where the country of origin and/or of destination are/is the same. Similar for short-term circular migration, with duration between 3 and 12 months TEMPER Workshop, Madrid, 22 January 2015 G. Lanzieri - Provisional definitions circular migration 9

10. Eurostat Provisional proposals by Eurostat/4 Introducing the concept of loop: Circular migration is (defined as) a series of at least two migration loops made by the same person. The loop is composed by a sequence of moves with international border crossings and where the duration of stay in each country is of at least 12 months. A single loop is (defined as) 'return migration'. It focuses on start-end cycles: a)from the reporting country b)from an 'origin' Not yet defined how to deal with intermediate steps: a)Once considered circular, all successive steps are also circular b)It is considered circular only at completed loops TEMPER Workshop, Madrid, 22 January 2015 G. Lanzieri - Provisional definitions circular migration 10

11. Eurostat Provisional conceptual definitions by UNECE Task Force Circular migration is a sequence of international moves where at least two countries are lived in more than once by the same person.. 1a) …to take up temporary or permanent residence; (or) 2a) …and where the person has been living each time for more than three months in those countries; (or) 2b) …and where the person has been living each time for at least twelve months in those countries Like 2b for short-term circular migration, but with duration between 3 and 12 months TEMPER Workshop, Madrid, 22 January 2015 G. Lanzieri - Provisional definitions circular migration 11

12. Eurostat Provisional operational definitions by UNECE Task Force 3.a) A circular immigrant is a person who has immigrated more than once to the same country (over the latest ten years). 3.c) A circular emigrant is a person who has emigrated more than once from the same country (over the latest ten years). Similar for short-term circular migration, i.e. between 3-12 months TEMPER Workshop, Madrid, 22 January 2015 G. Lanzieri - Provisional definitions circular migration 12

13. Eurostat Ex: simple patterns, person born in A Classification at last migration in country: Using only entries/exitsUsing also country of birthUsing loops from origin ABABAB A-B-A IEIEIE A-B-A-B CECICECIEI A-B-A-B-A CICEIECICE A-B-A-B-A-B CECICECIEI A-B-A-B-A-B-A CICEIECICE A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B CECICECIEI TEMPER Workshop, Madrid, 22 January 2015 G. Lanzieri - Provisional definitions circular migration 13 Legend: I=immigrant; E=emigrant; CI=circular immigrant; CE=circular emigrant Loops: only completed cycles from selected origin A; full knowledge since A including next destination

14. Eurostat Slightly more complex patterns… Classification at last migr. in country: Using only entries/exitsUsing also country of birthUsing loops from origin ABCABCABC A-B-C-A IXEIXEIXE A-B-C-B XCIEX EXIE A-B-C-A-B CECIXCECIXEIX A-B-C-B-A ICEXIEXIEX A-B-C-A-C CEXCICEXCIEXI A-B-C-B-C XCECIXE XEI TEMPER Workshop, Madrid, 22 January 2015 G. Lanzieri - Provisional definitions circular migration 14 Legend: I=immigrant; E=emigrant; CI=circular immigrant; CE=circular emigrant; X=not involved Loops: only completed cycles from selected origin A; full knowledge since A including next destination

15. Eurostat …and further complicated patterns Classification at last migr. in country: Using only entries/exitsUsing also country of birthUsing loops from origin ABCABCABC A-B-C-A-B-C XCECIXE XEI A-B-C-A-B-C-A CIXCEIXECIXCE A-B-C-B-C-B-A ICEXIEXIEX A-B-C-A-B-C- A-B CECIXCECIXEIX … TEMPER Workshop, Madrid, 22 January 2015 G. Lanzieri - Provisional definitions circular migration 15 Legend: I=immigrant; E=emigrant; CI=circular immigrant; CE=circular emigrant; X=not involved Loops: only completed cycles from selected origin A; full knowledge since A including next destination

16. Eurostat Some references On the work of the UNECE Task Force: Schachter, J. (2013): "Task Force on Measuring Circular Migration: A Progress Report". Presentation at the Eurostat Working Group on Population Statistics, Luxembourg, 16- 17 December 2013. Bustos, A. et al. (2014): "A Collective Attempt at Defining Circular Migration". Paper for the Work Session on Migration Statistics, Chisinau, 10-12 September 2014. European Migration Network: (2011): "Temporary and Circular Migration: empirical evidence, current policy practice and future options in EU Member States" (2012): "Asylum and Migration Glossary 2.0" TEMPER Workshop, Madrid, 22 January 2015 G. Lanzieri - Provisional definitions circular migration 16

17. THANK YOU FOR THE ATTENTION! For any further information: giampaolo.lanzieri@ec.europa.eu TEMPER Workshop, Madrid, 22 January 2015 G. Lanzieri - Provisional definitions circular migration 17