1. Chapter Six Interest Groups

2. What are interest groups? Groups that share common belief / attitude Purpose: influence government and affect policy Madison called these groups factions (believed they were caused by the unequal distribution of property) Often utilize lobbyists to express their beliefs to the government

3. Economic Corporations — businesses have concerns over policy, they actively support candidates who support their issues (Exxon, GM, Coca-Cola) Trade Associations — generally small businesses who align themselves for protection of all (Chamber of Commerce) Labor — “unions” unite workers, focus on working conditions & wages, 14% of Americans (AFL-CIO) Professional — “white collared unions” some of the strongest and biggest supporters (NEA, AMA)

4. Ideological See politics as a way to pursue the issue(s) that are most important to them Usually very adamant about their position – unwilling to compromise Examples — ACLU, Christian Coalition, Greenpeace, NRA

5. Public Interest Claim they promote interest of the public — what they want is good for everyone Safety concerns, consumer protection, environmental issues, good government Example — Public Interest Research Groups, started by Nader Tax-exempt public charities fit into this category (American Heart Association)

6. Foreign Policy Organizations that promote/oppose foreign policies Some focused on a specific issue in U.S. foreign policy Examples — American Israeli Political Action Committee, National Association of Arab Americans

7. Government Interest Cities and states have their own lobbyist in Washington to ensure that their concerns and wishes are heard by the national government (National League of Cities)

8. Others Those who don’t fit into a category yet certainly lobby Washington to support their interests (VFW, nationality groups, Knights of Columbus)

9. Determinants of Effectiveness Size — more people = more influence Active — more important than size Spread — concentration vs. spread Resources — $, volunteers, reputation, expertise Competitors & Alliances Cohesiveness Leadership Techniques

10. Techniques Used Publicity and Mass Media Mass Mailings Write Opinions to Congress Give Speeches Litigation Go to trial Amicus curiea briefs Election Activity Endorsements Form a Political Party Free Soil, Green Cooperative Lobbying Join for common cause

11. Lobbyists Name from mid-1800s when people met politicians in lobby of Capitol to express concerns Today most are former government employees who work for interest groups (revolving door) Have some influence on politicians but not as much as perceived Politicians like them because their groups give money for reelection campaigns

13. Iron Triangle Government Agency (DOD) Lobbyists (Retired General) Congressional Committees (Senate Armed Services Committee)

14. FECA Federal Election Campaign Act (1971) Must disclose receipts/expenditures of those involved in federal campaigns Provides partial public funding to Presidential candidates Spending is unlimited, contributions are limited ( Buckley v. Valeo – spending $ is free speech, cannot be limited ) Result = growth of PACs, more funding going to candidates

15. Political Action Committees Political arm of interest groups that raise funds and contribute money FECA limits $5000 (now $15,000) to a candidate, but unlimited donations to political parties Host fund raisers and “bundle” money to give to candidates Incumbents receive most of funds, helps them win reelection Soft Money = any $ not subject to limits

16. Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (2002) (McCain/Feingold Act) Soft $ is getting out of control from parties and PACs – it bans all soft $$, sets limits on any $$ directly linked to campaigns Bans issue advocacy ads from those not subject to limits too close to elections (other ads required to have tag line) McConnell v. FEC – upheld BCRA saying limiting $$ and banning ads do not violate 1 st amendment Citizens United v. FEC – struck down ban on issue advocacy ads saying free speech was restricted Growth of SuperPACs is the result