1. WRITING AN EFFECTIVE SURF PROPOSAL Susanne Hall, Hixon Writing Center Coordinator Student presenters: Nerissa Hoglen, Jon Schor February 2013

2. Common goals of a research proposal Introduce proposed research Provide background and explain rationale for study Describe methodology and explain its rationale Propose a timeline Propose a budget* Provide preliminary results* Anticipate possible outcomes * These are not goals for a typical SURF proposal

3. Why do scientists write proposals? 1. Intellectual reason: The process of writing the proposal is a process of idea creation and development 2. Rhetorical reason: To convince readers that the project is worth the time, money and energy it will demand from everyone involved

4. Idea creation and development Writing is a mode of thinking, a method of discovery Margot Gerritsen, Stanford, Energy Resources Engineering http://www.stanford.edu/dept/undergrad/cgi- bin/drupal_pwr/writing_matters_8 http://www.stanford.edu/dept/undergrad/cgi- bin/drupal_pwr/writing_matters_8

5. Persuading readers We believe strongly in the importance of discovery, but… Scientific research often requires specialized equipment/resources and can be very expensive LIGO will detect the ripples in space-time by using a device called a laser interferometer, in which the time it takes light to travel between suspended mirrors is measured with high precision using controlled laser light. External grants make most scientific discovery possible

6. Example: NSF funding to Caltech in 2012 Caltech #10 in institutional funding from NSF in 2012 View Caltech NSF funding by project at http://dellweb.bfa.nsf.gov/Top50Inst2/default.asphttp://dellweb.bfa.nsf.gov/Top50Inst2/default.asp $30,400,000 was given to Caltech in 2012 to help administer the LIGO project alone

7. Rhetorical goals of the SURF proposal Clearly explain what you plan to do in your research Make the case that this work is necessary/useful Show that you have a plan for carrying out the work Demonstrate that you are well-prepared and capable of carrying out the plan

8. Proposal Parts Introduction/background Objectives Approach Work Plan References

9. Parts: Introduction/background What is the problem you are trying to solve? How did the problem arise? Why is solving this problem interesting or important? What previous work has been done to define and address the problem? How does your work fit into the larger ongoing work of your mentor? How will your work contribute to that larger project?

10. Parts: Objectives What do you aim to accomplish? (Be specific.) What will you measure, calculate, model, or simulate? Under what conditions? What assumptions or conditions will guide and/or limit your work? What are your criteria for success?

11. Parts: Approach How will you accomplish your objectives? (Be specific.) What are the key steps or milestones for your work? How long will each take? What challenges do you anticipate, and how will you respond to them? What equipment or other resources will you need?

12. Parts: Work Plan Offer your reader a schedule of your principle activities and milestones

13. Parts: References List all research articles, review articles, and other writing you have consulted to prepare your proposal If you have incorporated writing or language from prospective mentors or peers, attribute those sources Use a consistent citation system, as recommended by your prospective mentor

14. Audience Prospective mentor (has high level of specialized knowledge) Outside evaluators (have less specialized knowledge) Reviewers will consider Is the proposal well thought out? Has the student given a clear statement of what s/he will do? Does the student have the skills/knowledge/enthusiasm to be successful? Is the student likely to achieve the goals? Is the project plan realistic? Does the research have the potential for publication in a referreed journal or presentation at an academic conference?

15. Style Write in academic English with the goals of clarity, concision, and accuracy Use the first person for describing what you have done or will do, but do not overuse it Use the active voice and active verbs Use past tense for observations, completed actions, and specific conclusions Use present tense for generalizations and statements of general validity Write short sentences; aim for one main idea per sentence Avoid noun clusters Use clear pronouns

16. Process Meet with mentors and/or co-mentors Ask questions Get references Read papers Write a proposal draft Solicit feedback on your draft From mentors From peers and Hixon Writing Center tutors Revise Submit proposal, application, and recommendations to SURF by February 22 nd, 2013 Writing is not a linear process—it is a cycle of research, thinking, talking writing, responding to feedback, and revision

17. Questions, comments? Hixon Writing Center Professional and peer tutors available for one-to-one conversations Most sessions occur in SFL 318 Information about appointments: writing.caltech.edu/appointments Make an appointment: access.caltech.edu (Writing Center Scheduler) This presentation will we posted on the SURF website