1. Basic Scientific Writing in English Lecture 7 Professor Ralph Kirby Faculty of Life Sciences Extension 7323 Room B322

2. Active and passive voice for verbs

3. Inter-converting tenses between English and Chinese has many problems Past, present and future can rely solely on context in Chinese. In English, it must be specified Whether the action has been completed or is intended to be completed is central to Chinese and has no real equivalent in English The passive voice of a verb has no real equivalent in Chinese

4. Active and Passive Voice He studies the book. He studied the book. He will study the book. –These are all active voice as the person is directly involved The book is studied by him. The book was studied by him. The book will be studied by him. –These are all passive voice as the subject of the sentence, ‘the book’ is acted on by someone

5. Classically in science: –“The following results were obtained.....” –“We obtained the following results.....” –Which is active and which is passive” British English scientists tend to overuse the passive compared to American English scientists. Chinese 1 st language speakers very rarely use the passive when writing a paper Grammar checkers will highlight all passives as wrong? Is the passive voice always wrong. No!

6. Some scientists would say that you should never use the passive voice. I disagree You should avoid using the passive unless you have a reason to use it because it uses more words and can make what you mean more confusing

7. When to use the passive When you cannot avoid it –The baby was born in the Maternity Hospital –The mother bore the baby in the Maternity Hospital The 2 nd sentence means the same, but is longer and reads poorly –The Petri dishes were made of plastic –The manufacturer made the Petri dishes out of plastic Not the same meaning. Better still, “ Plastic Petri dishes” Why have I used “Petri” rather than “petri” in the middle of the above sentences? The word “petri” is highlighted by the spell-grammar checker!

8. Emphasis –When you want to make the action rather than the agent of the action the most important Streptomycin, the first effective antibiotic against tuberculosis, was discovered by Waksman Waksman discovered streptomycin, the first effective antibiotic against tuberculosis. When the agent is unknown or unimportant –Darwin most important work was published in 1859 –X published Darwin’s most important work in 1859

9. Rules for tense in scientific papers 1)When referring to previously published work, the results have become knowledge and are “true”. Use the present tense –Streptomycin inhibits M. tuberculosis 2)When referring to your own work, in general use the past tense because it is not yet published –Under the conditions described earlier, streptomycin did not inhibit M. tuberculosis 3)Except! –In the Abstract Because the abstract refers to the published paper –When presenting results as figure or tables Because these are visible to the reader at the present time –When presenting calculations or statistics Because these results do not change –When stating a known truth Water is wet

10. Rules for using the person in scientific papers Which should you use? –We showed that streptomycin inhibited M. tuberculosis Personal. More common than it used to be. Some journals use it more than others. Can be very repetitive if used to much –It was shown that streptomycin inhibited M. tuberculosis None specific impersonal. Used a lot in many papers. Disadvantage, does not say who it was shown by and when was this shown –The results showed that streptomycin inhibited M. tuberculosis General impersonal. Say where the information came from in general. Disadvantage, not highly specific –From Figure 1, it can be seen that streptomycin inhibits M. tuberculosis Specific impersonal. Say exactly where the information can be found.

11. Use the personal “we”, “I”, “this research group” etc. when drawing an important conclusion. –Do not use it in the Materials and Methods. –Use it very rarely in the Introduction. –Use it sparingly in the Results. –Use it most in the Discussion Do not use none specific impersonal Use general impersonal if you have made clear what results or experiments you mean. Use specific impersonal as much as necessary

12. Examples. Change from active to passive –We examined the Southern blots for radioactive bands –Our research group used radioactivity to detect the protein –I detected a virus in the meat sample by PCR Examples. Change from passive to active –It might be expected that the treatment would be effective –Inoculation was performed on 25 chickens –A trip for the purpose of collecting insects was made in July 2002

13. More real examples Convert them, passive to active and let us decide which is better In this study a non-equilibrium approach was used to discriminate between sequences The binding of the Lac-GFP fusion protein to tandem lac operator repeats was exploited to detect the origin of replication Extensive genetic variation among strains was identified using DNA microarrays DNA microarrays have been used to compare interstrain and interspecific variation in bacteria

14. And even more real examples Convert them, active to passive and let us decide which is better We have conducted a survey of nine Shewanella species and assessed their relatedness to Shewanella oneidensis We discuss both the size and the nature of the contents of the Sodalis genome and it is compared to E. coli Most obligate intracellular bacteria are strictly vertically transmitted to the progeny Kuipers et al studied pairs of isolates of H. pylori, obtained 7-10 years apart, using RAPDS