1. THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF THE CIVIL WAR

2. GAINING BRITISH NEUTRALITY Britain initially declared neutrality because it had other sources of cotton and needed Northern wheat and corn Britain initially declared neutrality because it had other sources of cotton and needed Northern wheat and corn Trent Incident: fall 1861, Union ships stopped the British ship (the Trent) and took off two Confederate Diplomats that were going to Britain. Trent Incident: fall 1861, Union ships stopped the British ship (the Trent) and took off two Confederate Diplomats that were going to Britain. –Britain sent 8000 troops to Canada –We released the prisoners

3. GAINING BRITISH NEUTRALITY CONT’D Alabama Claims: The Brits gave the south ships to fight blockade. One of them, the Alabama, sunk 64 American vessels. We sent Britain a bill after the war was over. Arbitration later settled the price at 15.5 million. Alabama Claims: The Brits gave the south ships to fight blockade. One of them, the Alabama, sunk 64 American vessels. We sent Britain a bill after the war was over. Arbitration later settled the price at 15.5 million.

4. EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

5. I would save the Union. I would save it the shortest way under the Constitution. The sooner the national authority can be restored; the nearer the Union will be the 'Union as it was.' 1 If there be those who would not save the Union, unless they could at the same time save slavery, I do not agree with them. If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at the same time destroy slavery, I do not agree with them. My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forebear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union. I shall do less whenever I shall believe what I am doing hurts the cause, and I shall do more whenever I shall believe doing more will help the cause. I shall try to correct errors when shown to be errors; and I shall adopt new views so fast as they shall appear to be true views. Lincoln’s Letter to Horace Greeley

6. Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln’s goal was to save the union, first and foremost Lincoln’s goal was to save the union, first and foremost However, he used his power to seize enemy supplies to justify an act emancipating the slaves in seceded territory only. However, he used his power to seize enemy supplies to justify an act emancipating the slaves in seceded territory only. Did not apply to border states Did not apply to border states Encouraged British to stay neutral Encouraged British to stay neutral

7. Debate over Proclamation Pro: Pro: –Abolitionists support and there were demonstrations throughout the north –Free blacks could now enlist in the regular army Against: -Democrats thought it would prolong war -Some soldiers did not want to fight for freedom of slaves -Confederates were furious- compromise was no longer an option

8. African Americans in the War 1862, African Americans allowed to serve in military, only after emancipation proclamation did mass enlistment occur 1862, African Americans allowed to serve in military, only after emancipation proclamation did mass enlistment occur Nearly 10% of union army was African American by end of war ( only 1% of pop in north) Nearly 10% of union army was African American by end of war ( only 1% of pop in north) Many were former slaves Many were former slaves Participated in about 500 conflicts Participated in about 500 conflicts

9. African Americans in the War Suffer discrimination in the military Suffer discrimination in the military Separate regiments with white officers Separate regiments with white officers Less pay until 1864 Less pay until 1864 Higher mortality rate Higher mortality rate Massacred at Fort Pillow, TN 1864 by Confederates Massacred at Fort Pillow, TN 1864 by Confederates South did consider drafting free blacks, and did arm some at the end of the war South did consider drafting free blacks, and did arm some at the end of the war

10. African Americans in the War Many slaves join Union armies as they pass through the South Many slaves join Union armies as they pass through the South Many farms left to Women and boys who have less control over the slaves and plantation system weakened Many farms left to Women and boys who have less control over the slaves and plantation system weakened

11. Topics to be Discussed Dealing with political dissent Dealing with political dissent Drafting/conscription Drafting/conscription Life as a soldier Life as a soldier Civil War medicine Civil War medicine Life at home Life at home

12. Dealing with political dissent Lincoln suspended the right of Habeas Corpus (right that you can not be held in jail without cause) to stop rioters and Confederate sympathizers Lincoln suspended the right of Habeas Corpus (right that you can not be held in jail without cause) to stop rioters and Confederate sympathizers Lincoln seized telegraph offices. Taney said Lincoln had gone too far- he ignored it Lincoln seized telegraph offices. Taney said Lincoln had gone too far- he ignored it Among those Lincoln arrested were Copperheads, Northern Democrats that were sympathetic with the south Among those Lincoln arrested were Copperheads, Northern Democrats that were sympathetic with the south Jefferson Davis also suspended Habeas Corpus in 1862. Jefferson Davis also suspended Habeas Corpus in 1862. Lincoln set the precedent of expanding presidential powers during times of war and national crisis. Lincoln set the precedent of expanding presidential powers during times of war and national crisis.

13. Conscription Issues Confederacy Confederacy –Draft law in 1862 –All able-bodied white men between 18-35 (later changed to 17-50) –Wealthy people could hire people to go in their place and planters who owned more than 20 slaves were exempt –Some southern states refused to follow this law, however, 80 % of eligible men served North North –Draft law in 1863 –Men 20-25 –Could hire substitutes –Could pay $300 to avoid being drafted –Would get a Bounty for joining. Some men became bounty hunters –92% of 2 million men in northern army volunteered

14. Draft Riots July 13-16, NYC a mostly Irish mob wrecked draft offices and those of the Republican newspapers, homes of antislave leaders and beat up black men and wealthy looking whites July 13-16, NYC a mostly Irish mob wrecked draft offices and those of the Republican newspapers, homes of antislave leaders and beat up black men and wealthy looking whites 11 lynchings, destroyed hundreds of homes and burned a black orphanage 11 lynchings, destroyed hundreds of homes and burned a black orphanage More than 100 dead More than 100 dead

15. New York City Draft Riots July 11-13, 1863

16. Life as a soldier Cleanliness not a priority- few bathe as required so lice, dysentery and diarrhea were common- lots of garbage and waste Cleanliness not a priority- few bathe as required so lice, dysentery and diarrhea were common- lots of garbage and waste Food was sparse- beans, bacon, pickled beef and hardtack were common. Food was sparse- beans, bacon, pickled beef and hardtack were common. Southerners usually ate “Cush”- cubes of beef and cornbread mixed with bacon grease and had coffee from peanuts, apples or corn. Southerners usually ate “Cush”- cubes of beef and cornbread mixed with bacon grease and had coffee from peanuts, apples or corn.

17. Soldier brings goods from home to make life more comfortable

18. Confederate Uniform

23. "Soldiering is 99% boredom and 1% sheer terror"

25. [Cumberland Landing, Va. Federal encampment on Pamunkey River, Va.]. CREATED/PUBLISHED 1862 May.

26. Rappahannock Station, Va. Federal encampment near railroad]. O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer. CREATED/PUBLISHED 1862 August. O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882,

27. Life as a Soldier: POW Camps South- Andersonville, Georgia South- Andersonville, Georgia Crowded, 34 feet per person Crowded, 34 feet per person Little shelter or food and drank sewer water Little shelter or food and drank sewer water 15% of Union prisoners died in Southern Camps 15% of Union prisoners died in Southern Camps North North –Some Northern Camps were at Elmira, NY and Camp Douglas, IL –More spacious, better sleeping and decent food –Cold conditions killed many southerners –Many died from dysentery or malnutrition –10% of Southern Soldiers died in Union camps –North stopped prisoner exchange after South would not return African Americans to the north

28. [Chattanooga, Tenn. Confederate prisoners at railroad depot]. CREATED/PUBLISHED 1864.

29. Washington, D.C. Adjusting the rope for the execution of Wirz]. CREATED/PUBLISHED [1865 November 10]

30. Medicine The North set up the “Sanitary Commission” The North set up the “Sanitary Commission” –Recruit and train nurses –Improve conditions at army camps Set up hospitals and taught hygiene Set up hospitals and taught hygiene Dorthea Dix was superintendent of Union nurses Dorthea Dix was superintendent of Union nurses Clara Barton set up the American version of the International Red Cross Clara Barton set up the American version of the International Red Cross

31. Medicine Cont’d Despite strides taken, there was still no knowledge of germ theory or antiseptic practices Despite strides taken, there was still no knowledge of germ theory or antiseptic practices 2/3 of the 620,000 deaths during the war were from disease 2/3 of the 620,000 deaths during the war were from disease Most surgeries were amputations and 95% of those were done with anesthesia (usually chloroform or ether) Most surgeries were amputations and 95% of those were done with anesthesia (usually chloroform or ether) 75% of amputation patients survived 75% of amputation patients survived

32. Amputation Kit

33. [Fredericksburg, Va. Nurses and officers of the U.S. Sanitary Commission]. Gardner, James, b. 1832, photographer. CREATED/PUBLISHED 1864 May. Gardner, James, b. 1832, Gardner, James, b. 1832,

34. Civil War Ambulances Washington D.C. 1863

35. New Hospital Design

36. Patients in D.C. Harewood Hospital

39. Life at home South South –Food shortages in part due to Union blockade –Prices skyrocket –Food riots North North –Most industries boomed –Army needed manufactured goods –Wages did not keep up with prices

40. Appomattox Court House

41. THE END