1. pH
Volume of Titrant
Acid-Base Titration
O r1.04

2. Introduction The Snapshot button is used to capture the screen.
Acid-Base Titration
Introduction
Each page of this lab that contains the symbol
should be inserted into your journal. After completing a lab page with the snapshot symbol, tap (in the upper right hand corner) to insert the page into your journal.
Journals and Snapshots
The Snapshot button is used to capture the screen.
The Journal is where snapshots are stored and viewed.
The Share button is used to export or print your journal to turn in your work.
Note: You may want to take a
snapshot of the first page of
this lab as a cover page for
your Journal.

3. Acid-Base Titration
Lab Challenge
Many foods and household products contain acids and bases. Knowing if a sample is acidic or basic is only part of the question. How do you determine the actual amount of acid or base dissolved in a solution?

4. Acid-Base Titration
Background
Titrant
Titration is a common quantitative laboratory method used to determine the concentration of a reactant.
A reagent of known concentration, called the titrant, is used to react with a measured volume of another reactant, called the analyte.
The point at which the number of moles of the titrant and the analyte are equal is called the equivalence point. On a titration curve, the equivalence point is the point where the slope is the steepest.
Analyte
Equivalence point

5. Acid-Base Titration
...Background
When a basic solution is added to an acidic solution of unknown concentration, hydroxide ions (OH-) from the basic solution react with hydronium ions (H3O+) from the acidic solution to form neutral water and a salt. The type of salt formed depends on the acid and base used.
This is called a neutralization reaction. + 
Acidic solution
Basic solution
Neutral solution

6. Acid-Base Titration
Self-Check
Titrations are used to determine the _____________ of a reactant.
density pH
mass
concentration
This image is a reminder that you need to tap to take a snapshot of this page after you have entered your response.
L6 – Text box
[ The best choice is … ]

7. Always wash hands to remove residue before leaving
Acid-Base Titration
Safety
Follow all common laboratory safety procedures
Sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and acetic acid are corrosive irritants. Avoid contact with the eyes and wash hands after handling.
When mixing acids with water, always add the acid to the water, not the other way around, as the solution can get hot enough to boil.
Be sure that all acids and bases are neutralized before being disposed of down the drain.
BE SAFE
Always wash hands to remove residue before leaving

8. Materials and Equipment
Acid-Base Titration
Materials and Equipment
Collect all of these materials before beginning the lab.
Drop counter
pH sensor
Magnetic stirrer
Micro stir bar
Beakers (2), 50-mL
Buffer solution pH 4, 25 mL
Buffer solution pH 10, 25 mL
Funnel
Graduated cylinder, 100-mL

9. ...Materials and Equipment
Acid-Base Titration
...Materials and Equipment
Also collect these additional materials before beginning.
Buret, 50-mL
Buret clamp
Ring stand
Right-angle clamp
Beakers (2), 250-mL
Transfer pipet
Volumetric pipet or graduated cylinder, 10-mL
Wash bottle filled with distilled (deionized) water

10. ...Materials and Equipment
Acid-Base Titration
...Materials and Equipment
Also collect these additional materials before beginning.
Waste container
deionized (distilled water), 200 mL
Standardized sodium hydroxide solution, 100 mL
Hydrochloric acid solution, 10 mL
Acetic acid solution, 10 mL
Distilled
Water
waste
waste

11. Sequencing Challenge Acid-Base Titration
The steps to the left are part of the procedure for this lab activity. They are not in the right order. Determine the correct sequence of the steps, then take a snapshot of this page.
A. Setup the titration equipment and calibrate the pH sensor.
B. Measure and record the starting volumes of NaOH and HCl. Start collecting data and then release the titrant.
C. Thoroughly clean the equipment and then repeat the procedure using acetic acid.
D. When the pH is 12, close the stopcock and then stop collecting data. Record the final volume of NaOH.
L6 – Text box
[ The correct sequence of steps is… ]

12. Acid-Base Titration
Setup: HCl Titration
Connect the pH sensor to the data collection system.
Calibrate the pH sensor:
Pour approximately 25 mL of the pH 4 buffer solution in a 50-mL beaker.
Pour approximately 25 mL of the pH 10 buffer solution in a second 50-mL beaker.
Remove the pH sensor from its electrode storage bottle and rinse it with distilled water to thoroughly clean the sensor.
Read the instructions on how to calibrate the pH sensor on the next page.
Buffer solutions and pH sensor

13. To Calibrate the pH Sensor:
Acid-Base Titration
To Calibrate the pH Sensor:
Note: During the calibration process you will not be able to return to this page.
Calibration Point 1:
Place the pH probe in a pH 4 buffer solution.
Enter 4.0 as the pH in the Standard Value box under Calibration Point 1.
Tap Read From Sensor under Calibration Point 1.
Rinse the pH probe thoroughly using distilled water.
4. Calibration Point 2:
Repeat the process used in calibration point 1 using a pH 10 buffer solution.
Tap OK to exit the calibration screen and then tap OK again to return to the lab.
1. Open the Calibrate Sensor screens:
Tap
Tap CALIBRATE SENSOR
2. Ensure that the correct measurements are selected:
Sensor: (name of sensor)
Measurement: pH
Calibration Type: 2 point
b. Tap NEXT

14. Acid-Base Titration
Setup: HCl Titration
Q1: Using the terms accuracy and precision, explain why it is necessary to calibrate the pH sensor.
Connect the drop counter to the data collection system.
Assemble the titration apparatus.
Buret clamp
Buret
pH sensor
Ring stand
L6 – Text box
[ The pH sensor needs to be calibrated… ]
Right-angle clamp
Drop counter
Micro stir bar
Beaker, 250-mL
Magnetic stirrer

15. Acid-Base Titration
Setup: HCl Titration
Q2: Why is it necessary to rinse the buret with standardized NaOH solution?
Use a transfer pipet to rinse the inside of the buret with several milliliters of the standardized sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution.
Drain the NaOH from the buret into the waste container.
Repeat this process two more times.
Make sure the stopcock on the buret is in the "off" position and then use a funnel to fill the buret with ~50 mL of the standardized NaOH solution (titrant).
L6 – Text box
[ The buret needs to be rinsed with NaOH solution… ]
Off
position On
position

16. Acid-Base Titration
Setup: HCl Titration
Q3: Why is it be necessary to start your titration over again if you accidently allow the titrant to flow out of the stopcock instead of drop?
Practice adjusting the stopcock on the buret so that the titrant goes through the drop counter in distinguishable drops that fall at about 2 to 3 drops per second.
Note: It is important that you have good control of adjusting the stopcock. If you accidently open the stopcock too far and the NaOH flows out (as opposed to drops out), then you will have to start over.
Close the stopcock and then remove the waste container.
L6- Text box
[ If you accidently allow the titrant to flow out of the stopcock instead of drop… ]

17. Acid-Base Titration
Setup: HCl Titration
Q4: Record the initial volume of NaOH and the concentration of the standardized NaOH solution in the text box below.
Read the initial volume of the titrant in the buret to 0.01 mL.
Using the 100-mL graduated cylinder measure 100 mL of distilled water and add it to a clean 250-mL beaker.
Using the 10-mL graduated cylinder or volumetric pipet measure 10.0 mL of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and add it to the mL of distilled water. Record the exact volume of HCl added in the text box on the next page.
Caution: Always add acid to water.
L6 – Text box
[ Initial volume of NaOH: ]
[ Concentration of NaOH: ]

18. Acid-Base Titration
Setup: HCl Titration
Q5: Record the volume of HCl added to the beaker in the text box below.
Add the pH sensor, micro stir bar, and 250-mL beaker containing the acidic solution to the titration apparatus.
Turn on the magnetic stirrer and begin stirring at a slow to medium speed.
Note: Make sure the bulb of the pH sensor is fully submerged.
L6 – text box
[ Initial volume of HCl: ]

19. Collect Data: Acid-Base Titration Tap to start collecting data.
Carefully open the stopcock on the buret so that 2 to 3 drops per second are released.
Continue to collect data until the pH of the solution is 12.
Graph – pH versus Drop Count (drops)
Continue to the next page.

20. Q6: Why is it necessary to stir the solution during a titration?
Acid-Base Titration
Q6: Why is it necessary to stir the solution during a titration?
Q7: What substances are being formed in the beaker?
L3 – Digits- pH
L4 – Text box
[ It is necessary to stir the solution… ]
L5 – text box
[ The products being formed in the beaker are… ]
L6 – Digits – drop count (drops)

21. Collect Data: Acid-Base Titration
When the pH of the solution is 12 close the stopcock.
Continue to the next page.
Graph – pH versus Drop count (drops)
L6 - Digits – pH

22. Collect Data: Acid-Base Titration Tap to stop data collection.
6. Record the final volume of NaOH in the buret.
Graph- pH versus Drop Count (drops)
L6 – text box
[ Final volume of NaOH: ]

23. Acid-Base Titration
Data Analysis: HCl
* To View a Page in the Journal:
Tap to open the Journal screen.
Tap or to scroll through the thumbnail size pages of the journal.
Tap the thumbnail image of the page to view it.
Determine the total volume of NaOH used in the titration by following steps a-c below.
Enter the final volume of NaOH in the text box on the right.
Record the initial volume of NaOH in the text box on the right
Subtract the initial volume of NaOH from the final volume of NaOH and record the total volume in the text box on the right.
Volume NaOH = Final Volume NaOH - Initial Volume of NaOH
Note: Initial and final volumes of NaOH were recorded earlier
in the journal. Refer to the journal to get these numbers.*
L6 – text box
[ a. Final volume NaOH: ]
[ b. Initial volume NaOH: ]
[ c. Total volume of NaOH used: ]

24. Acid-Base Titration
Data Analysis: HCl
2. Create a calculation to convert drop count to volume (mL). *
CalcVolume1 = [drop count]*(volume of titrant/final drop count)
*To Create a Calculation:
Tap to open the Experiment Tools screen.
Tap CALCULATED DATA to open the calculator.
Enter the calculation in the space provided.
Tap Measurements to insert collected data into the calculation.
Note:
[drop count] = collected data
volume of titrant = total volume of NaOH used (it is in your journal)
final drop count = the total number of drops added (it is displayed on the right)
L3 – Digits – drop count (drops)

25. 3. Change the x-axis to display CalcVolume1 of NaOH.
Acid-Base Titration
3. Change the x-axis to display CalcVolume1 of NaOH.
Tap then to open the Graph Properties screen.
Tap the Measurement box for the x-axis and tap CalcVolume1. Then tap OK. Tap to scale the axes.
4. Display the volume of NaOH at the equivalence point. The equivalence point is the point on the curve with the greatest slope and is found using the slope tool.
Tap then to see the slope.
Tap or buttons to move to nearby points.
Tap

26. Acid-Base Titration
Data Analysis: HCl
Calculate the molar concentration of HCl. Follow the steps below:
Determine the number of moles of NaOH added using the volume of NaOH at the equivalence point and the molarity of the standardized NaOH solution.
Convert from moles of NaOH to moles of HCl using the balanced chemical equation.
Use the moles of HCl and the starting volume of HCl to determine the molarity of the acid.
Note: the values need for the calculations above can be found in your journal
L456 – text box
[ a. moles of NaOH: ]
[ b. moles of HCl: ]
[ c. molarity of HCl: ]

27. Setup: Acetic Acid Titration
Acid-Base Titration
Setup: Acetic Acid Titration
Q1: Record the initial volume of NaOH, the concentration of the standardized NaOH solution in the text box below.
Turn off the magnetic stirrer and then remove the beaker. Dispose of its contents according to your teacher's instructions.
Place the waste container under the pH sensor and use the wash bottle to thoroughly clean the micro stir bar and the pH sensor.
Re-fill the buret so that there is ~50 mL of the standardized NaOH solution.
Read the initial volume of the titrant in the buret to 0.01 mL.
L6 – text box
[ Initial volume of NaOH: ]
[ Concentration of NaOH: ]

28. Setup: Acetic Acid Titration
Acid-Base Titration
Setup: Acetic Acid Titration
Q2: Record the volume of the acetic acid solution that was added to the beaker in the text box below.
Using the 100-mL graduated cylinder measure 100 mL of distilled water and add it to a clean 250-mL beaker.
Using a clean 10-mL graduated cylinder or volumetric pipet measure 10.0 mL of acetic acid and add it to the 100 mL of distilled water. Caution: Always add acid to water.
Remove the waste container from the titration apparatus and replace it with the 250-mL beaker containing the acetic acid solution.
Reposition the pH sensor and then turn on the magnetic stirrer and begin stirring at a slow to medium speed.
L6 – text box
[ Initial volume of acetic acid: ]

29. Collect Data: A.A. Acid-Base Titration Tap to start collecting data.
Carefully open the stopcock on the buret so that 2 to 3 drops per second are released.
Continue to collect data until the pH of the solution is 12.
Graph- pH versus Drop Count (drops)
Continue to the next page.

30. Q3: What substances are being formed in the beaker?
Acid-Base Titration
Q3: What substances are being formed in the beaker?
Q4: What type of reaction is occurring?
HC2H3O2 + NaOH  ?
Acetic Acid = HC2H3O2
L3 – Digits - pH
L4 – text box
[ The products being formed in the beaker are… ]
L5 – text box
[ The type of reaction… ]
L6- Digits – Drop count (drops)

31. Collect Data: A.A. Acid-Base Titration
When the pH of the solution is 12 close the stopcock.
Continue to the next page.
Graph – pH versus Drop Count (drops)
L6- Digits - pH

32. Collect Data: A.A. Acid-Base Titration Tap to stop data collection.
Record the final volume of NaOH in the buret.
Graph – pH versus Drop Count (drops)
L6 – text box
[ Final volume of NaOH: ]

33. Data Analysis: Acetic Acid
Acid-Base Titration
Data Analysis: Acetic Acid
* To View a Page in the Journal:
Tap to open the Journal screen.
Tap or to scroll through the thumbnail size pages of the journal.
Tap the thumbnail image of the page to view it.
Determine the total volume of NaOH used in the titration. Follow steps a-c below.
Enter the final volume of NaOH in the text box on the right.
Record the initial volume of NaOH in the text box on the right
Subtract the initial volume of NaOH from the final volume of NaOH and record the total volume in the text box on the right.
Volume NaOH = Final Volume NaOH - Initial Volume of NaOH
Note: Initial and final volumes of NaOH were recorded earlier
in the journal. Refer to the journal to get these numbers.*
L6 – text box
[ a. Final volume NaOH: ]
[ b. Initial volume NaOH: ]
[ c. Total volume of NaOH used: ]

34. Data Analysis: Acetic Acid
Acid-Base Titration
Data Analysis: Acetic Acid
2. Create a calculation to convert drop count to volume (mL). *
CalcVolume2 = [drop count]*(volume of titrant/final drop count)
*To Create a Calculation:
Tap to open the Experiment Tools screen.
Tap CALCULATED DATA to open the calculator.
Enter the calculation in the space provided.
Tap Measurements to insert collected data into the calculation.
Note:
[drop count] = the collected data
volume of titrant = total volume of NaOH used (it is in your journal)
final drop count = the total number of drops added (it is displayed on the right)
L3 – Digits – Drop Count (drops)

35. 3. Change the x-axis to display CalcVolume2 of NaOH.
Acid-Base Titration
3. Change the x-axis to display CalcVolume2 of NaOH.
Tap then to open the Graph Properties screen.
Tap the Measurement box for the x-axis and tap CalcVolume1. Then tap OK. Tap to scale the axes.
4. Display the volume of NaOH at the equivalence point. The equivalence point is the point on the curve with the greatest slope and is found using the slope tool.
Tap then to see the slope.
Tap or buttons to move to nearby points.
Tap

36. Data Analysis: Acetic Acid
Acid-Base Titration
Data Analysis: Acetic Acid
Calculate the molar concentration of acetic acid. Follow the steps below:
Determine the number of moles of NaOH added using the volume of NaOH at the equivalence point and the molarity of the standardized the NaOH solution.
Convert from moles of NaOH to moles of acetic acid using the balanced chemical equation.
Use the moles of acetic acid and the starting volume of acetic acid to determine the molarity of the acid.
Note: the values need for the calculations above can be found in your journal
L456 – text box
[ a. moles of NaOH: ]
[ b. moles of HCl: ]
[ c. molarity of HCl: ]

37. Acid-Base Titration
Analysis
What is the significance of the point on the titration curve where the slope is the steepest?
L456 = text box
[The point on a titration curve where the slope is the steepest is… ]

38. Analysis Acid-Base Titration
2. What trend did you notice in the slope of the titration curve between the start of the titration and the equivalence point?
Graph – pH versus Drop Count (drops)
L6 – text box
[ The slope of the titration curve… ]

39. Acid-Base Titration
Analysis
What is the likelihood that the concentration of acid and base is exactly equal at the experimentally determined equivalence point? Explain your reasoning.
L456 – text box
[ The experimentally determined equivalence point… ]

40. Analysis Acid-Base Titration
4. What difference do you notice between the start of the titration and the equivalence point in the appearance of the titration curve for the two different acids?
L6 – text box
[ The start of the titration curve… ]

41. Analysis Acid-Base Titration
5. What is the difference between pH at the equivalence points between the two titration curves for the different acids? Explain.
L6 – text box
[ The pH at the equivalence point… ]

42. Acid-Base Titration
Synthesis
How could you determine the concentration of an unknown sodium hydroxide solution?
L456 – text box
[ To determine the concentration of a sodium hydroxide solution… ]

43. Synthesis Acid-Base Titration
2. Use the Prediction Button to sketch the titration curve for an acid that is weaker than acetic acid.
*To Draw a Prediction:
Tap to open the tool palette.
Tap then use your finger to draw your prediction.
Tap when finished.
If you make a mistake, tap to clear your prediction.
Graph – pH versus Drop Count (drops)

44. Acid-Base Titration
Synthesis
Explain the difference between the strength and the concentration of an acid solution.
L456 – text box
[ The strength of an acid… ]

45. Acid-Base Titration
Multiple Choice
Base
For the titration of an acid with a base, the pH will start _________ and finish ________.
low; low
high; low
low; high
high; high
Acid
Hint: the acid is the analyte in the beaker and the base is the titrant in the buret.
L6 – text box
[ The best choice is… ]

46. Acid-Base Titration
Multiple Choice
On a titration curve, the equivalence point is ____________________________.
the point with the smallest slope.
the point with the greatest slope.
the point with a slope of zero.
when the pH is equal to zero.
Titration Curve
L6 – text box
[ The best choice is… ]

47. Acid-Base Titration
Multiple Choice
An ________ in the hydronium ion concentration in an aqueous solution causes the hydroxide ion concentration to ________ and the pH of the solution to _________.
Increase; increase; increase
Decrease; decrease; decrease
Increase; decrease; decrease
Increase; decrease; increase
Acidic solution
L6 – text box
[ The best choice is… ]

48. Acid-Base Titration
Multiple Choice
A reaction between an acid and a base is called a(n) ______________.
pH reaction
titration reaction
s-shaped curve
neutralization reaction
L6 – text box
[ The best choice is… ]

49. Multiple Choice Titrations are used to __________________.
Acid-Base Titration
Multiple Choice
Titrations are used to __________________.
determine the concentration of known solutions
determine the pH of known solutions
determine the type of molecules in a solution
differentiate an acid from a base
L6 – text box
[ The best choice is… ]

50. Acid-Base Titration
Congratulations!
You have completed the lab.
Please remember to follow your teacher's instructions for cleaning-up and submitting your lab.
Color scheme (RGB values)
biology 121, 173, 54
chemistry 0 176, 216
physics 0, 102, 204
earth 204, 102, 0
middle 153, 102, 153
elementary 255, 51, 0

51. References Acid-Base Titration
All images were taken from PASCO documentation, public domain clip art, or Wikimedia Foundation Commons.
SODA
SALAD
GLASS CLEANER
VINEGAR
LEMONS
BURET
BEAKER
BEAKER
CORROSIVE WARNING 2_Warnung_vor_Aetzenden_Stoffen_D-W004.svg
BE SAFE
ACETIC ACID
NAOH