1. Regulation of extracellular components. Elimination of waste products. Regulation of acid-base balance. Erythropoietin production. Formation of renin. Xenobiotics metabolism. Production of glucose and 1,25-dioH vitamin D3.

3. 1.Renal vein 2.Renal Artery 3.Renal Calyx 4.Medullary Pyramid 5.Renal Cortex 6.Segmental Artery 7.Interlobar Artery 8.Arcuate Artery 9.Arcuate Vein 10.Interlobar Vein 11.Segmental Vein 12.Renal Column 13.Renal Papillae 14.Renal Pelvis 15.Ureter

5. Heavy metals accumulate in body  Induction of metallothionein by liver.  Cadmium (Cd) stimulates its production.  Metallothionein bind with Cd and protects other organs from its toxic effects.  The kidney is vulnerable to this complex.  Beta-2-microglubulin excretion from kidney is diagnostic of Cd toxicity.

6. Long term use of Analgesics  Antibiotics.  Anticancer drugs.  Ochratoxin A.

8. Role of Immune System

12. Pharmaceutical compounds.CorticosteroidsAntitumor drugsCyclophosphamide6-mercapto-purine5-fluorouracilMethotrexate

13.  Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD) Lymphoid atrophy, Thymic involution. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) Suppress Antibody Response.  Formaldehyde & Isocyanates Types I and IV reactions

14.  Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Depress Humoral immunity, Cell mediated immunity and Tumor resistance.  Nitrosamines (dimethyl & diethyl nitrosamine) inhibit T-cell dependent humoral immune response.  Pesticides Immunotoxic

16. SKIN

17.  Physical protection from environmental agents  Hydroregulation through active &passive mechanism  Thermoregulation to maintain core body temperature.  Chemical synthesis of vitamin D.  Immunological surveillance and function.  Absorption of pharmaceutical preparation.  Sensory reception of pain, temperature, touch & pressure

19.  Route of exposure for systemic toxicants.  Direct target for toxicity.  Xenobiotic metabolizing organ.  Minor pathway for the elimination of certain toxicants.

21. Epidermis: outermost layer; mostly epithelial cells; non-vascular Dermis: fibrous connective tissue; vascular Hypodermis: (superficial fascia)not skin; protective; adipose and loose connective tissue Epidermis is thick keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium consisting of four cell types and five layer Keratinocytes Melanocytes Merkel cells Langerhan’s cells

25. Stratum Lucidum—a few rows of clear, flattened, dead keratinocytes; layer occurs only in thick skin i. Keratohyalin granules—gummy substance associated with keratin filaments ii. Cells aggregate in parallel arrays Stratum Corneum (Horny layer)—outer most layer; most of epidermis thickness i. 20-30 cell layers thick ii. Keratin, thickened plasma membranes and glycoproteins protect against abrasion and loss of water iii. Cornified or horny cells—remnants of cells from this layer

27. ANTIGEN PRESENTATION.

28. TOUCH RECEPTOR

35. Percutaneous absorption: systemic toxicity from skin exposure can occur only when chemical moves from the epidermis into dermis of the skin, which contain blood vessel, the movement is by passive diffusion. The major barrier is stratum corneum. The rate of penetration is largely related to the lipophilicity of the chemical. (Lipophilic substances, Hydrophilic substances)

36. Benzidine Bladder cancer Hydrofluoric acid Electrolyte deregulation, Kidney Aniline Bladder cancer Acrylmide Peripheral neuropathy Carbon disulfide Coronary artery disease, CNS Glycol ether Aplastic anemia HexachloropheneEncephalopathy Inorganic mercury Renal toxicity Alkyl lead Neurotoxicity Boric acid Gastrointestinal lesions

37. Contact Dermatitis  Irritant contact dermatitis  Allergic contact dermatitis  Phtotoxic skin response.

38. Urticarial reactions: Type I allergic reactions cause the release of histamines, IgE, and local inflammatory mediators. Cutaneous granulomas: Inflammatory response to insoluble materials. Hair loss: due to exposure of thallium, cancer therapeutic agents, depilatories. Hypopigmentation: inhibition/destruction of melanocytes (phenolic preparation, hydroquinone). Hyperpigmentation: Heavy metals, acridines Color change: orange/yellow from picric acid, green from copper dust, black from osmium trioxide.