1. Chapter 2: Carbon Compounds
Hydrocarbons
Consist of only Carbon and Hydrogen Atoms
Alkanes—Contain the Maximum # of H Atoms
Alkenes—Hydrocarbons w/ Double Bond(s)

2. Hydrocarbons Continued
Alkynes—Hydrocarbons w/ Triple Bond(s)
Alkanes: Referred to as Saturated Compounds
(Contain Maximum # of Hydrogen Atoms)
Alkenes/Alkynes: Unsaturated Compounds;
Can React w/ H2 (Hydrogenation Reactions)

3. Aromatic Compounds: Benzene
Benzene/Aromatics are Special Class
Understood in Terms of Kekulé Structures or MOs

4. Polar Covalent Bonds Electronegativity Difference Pulls Electron
Density Toward More Electronegative Atom
This Creates What is Called a Dipole
Unit of Dipole Moment Measure: Debye
H—Cl
H—Br
C═O
For Bonds, Dipole Moment is Indicated w/ Arrow From Least
to Most Electronegative; What About Molecular Dipoles?

5. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
NH3
CO2
H2O
BH3
CH3Cl
CH4
CH2Cl2
CCl4
CH3CH2OH
Benzene
H3C-O-CH3
Diatomics (Cl2, Br2, etc.)
Look at Individual Dipole Moments; Check for Net

6. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules (2)

7. Functional Groups 1. Alkyl Groups (R) Parent HC Alkyl Group
Abbreviation
Methane
methyl Me
Ethane
ethyl Et
Propane
propyl Pr
isopropyl
iPr
Alkanes can be Generally Represented as R-H

8. Functional Groups 2. Alkyl Halides Look at Carbon w/ Halide attached
1 C Attached—Primary; 2 C Attached—Secondary
3 C Attached--Tertiary

9. Functional Groups 3. Alcohols Look at Carbon w/ Alcohol attached
1 C Attached—Primary; 2 C Attached—Secondary
3 C Attached—Tertiary
Replace O with S; now have a Thiol

10. Functional Groups 4. Ethers
Name “sides” of ether in alphabetical order

11. Functional Groups 5. Amines
Note: amines are utile as bases in organic reactions

12. Functional Groups 6. Hydrazines
Note: hydrazines react with aldehydes/ketones

13. Functional Groups 7. Carbonyls: Aldehydes and Ketones
Note: C=O common link between aldehydes/ketones

14. Functional Groups 8. Carboxylic Acids
Question: What helps makes this functionality acidic?

15. Functional Groups 9. Esters
Note: CYCLIC esters are a special case called LACTONES

16. Functional Groups 10. Amides
Note: CYCLIC amides are a special case called LACTAMS
Amides have restricted rotation about the C-N bond. Why?

17. Functional Groups 11. Nitriles (Cyano)
See Table 2.3 for a Good Summary of Functional Groups

18. Multiple Functional Groups; 1 Molecule

19. Intermolecular Forces
Van der Waals Interactions
Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Consider how molecules with permanent dipoles align
Hydrogen Bonding
Very strong electron delocalizations
Ionic
Very strong electrostatic interactions

20. Hydrogen Bonding H-Bonds nearly linear (O-H-O)
Electrons from an O lone pair  s*(OH)