1. Faeze

2. Introduction  Stem cell therapy is certainly a promising area for research. These have the ability to give rise to many specialize cells in on organisms.  Stem cell could be used to repair or replaced damage organs.  Stem cell therapy can cure many diseases.

3. Stem cells  Stem cells are unspecialized or undifferentiated cells that have the unique ability to give rise to many different cell types such as skin, liver, kidney, heart, neuron or other organ cells.

4. Types  Adult stem cells  Embryonic stem cells

5. How stem cells work?  These cells are capable of performing three important function with unique abilities:  plasticity: potential to change into other cell types like nerve cells.  Homing: to travel to the site of tissue damage.  Engraftment: to unite with other tissues.

6. Diseases cured by stem cell therapy  Spinal cord injuries  Diabetes mellitus  Cancer  Stroke  Heart damage (Myocardial infarction)  Tooth implanting  Deafness and blindness  Baldness  Gastrointestinal disease  Liver disease  Dermatology

7. Spinal cord injuries  The stem cells are first collected from a patient’s bone marrow, extracted from the hipbone (iliac crest) then implanted back into the body days later.  These re-injected stem cells have the potential to transform into multiple types of cells and are capable of regenerating damaged tissue.

8. Stem cells treatment of diabetes mellitus type 1 & 2  Adult stem cell therapy with autologous stem cells fights type 1 and type 2 diabetes at its roots, reducing hyperglycemia.  These re-injected stem cells are capable of regenerating damaged cells such as pancreatic beta cells.

9. Cancer treatment  Umbilical cord blood stem cells have been use to treat cancer patients with conditions such as leukemia and lymphoma.  The unfortunate side effect of the chemotherapy that the stem cell transplant attempts to reverse;

10. Stem cell treatment of stroke  A cerebrovascular accident is also known as stroke.  The stem cells are collected from a patient’s bone marrow (iliac crest).  These cells are re-injected into the damage tissue have the potential to transform into multiple types of cells and are capable of regenerating the damaged tissue.

11. Heart damage  Several clinical trails targeting heart disease have shown that adult stem cell therapy is safe and effective.  Adult stem cell therapy for heart disease was commercially available on at least five continents.

12. Stem cell therapy for myocardial infarction  In animal models, intramyocardial injection of bone marrow stem cells, or the mobilization of bone marrow stem cells with spontaneous homing to myocardium improves cardiac function and survival after induced myocardial infarction.

13.  Stem cells used are derived from skeletal myoblasts, bone marrow and peripheral blood.  Peripheral blood stem cells are the best.

14. Tooth implanting  Stem cells taken from the patient could be coaxed in the lab into turning into a tooth bud which, when implanted in the gums, will give rise to a new tooth.  If will fuse with the jawbone and release chemicals that encourage nerves and blood vessels to connect with it.

15. Deafness and blindness  There has been success in re-growing cochlea sensory hair cells with the use of stem cells.  Using embryonic stem cells, scientists are able to grow a thin sheet of totipotent stem cells in the laboratory. When these sheets are trans planted over the damaged retina, the stem cell stimulate renewed repair, eventually restoring vision.

16. Baldness  Hair follicles also contain stem cells, and some researches predict research on these follicle stem cells may lead to successes in treating baldness through “hair multiplication”, also known as “hair cloning”.  Treatment is expected to work through taking stem cells from existing follicles, multiplying them in culture, and implanting the new follicles into the scalp.

17. Gastrointestinal disease  Recent advances toward the isolation and characterization of epithelial stem cells has paved the way for exploring novel therapeutic approaches for gastrointestinal disease.

18.  Possible stem cell-based therapy of gastrointestinal disorders range from the repair of damaged mucosa to tissue engineering of artificial intestinal constructs for patients with short bowel syndrome.  Transplantation of bone marrow derived stem cells mat represent an alternative therapy for gastrointestinal injury, inflammatory bowel disease, and other refractory gastrointestinal tract injury.

19. Recent advances in liver stem cell therapy  The current concepts in treatment of liver diseases based on the transplantation of intrahepatic liver cells, capable of repopulating the injured liver. These cells include hepatocytes, oval cells (bipotential intrahepatic progenitor cells), bone marrow hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.

20.  Recent finding: Although liver transplantation remains the only conventional treatment, liver cell transplantation is an experimental procedure which has been successfully used in clinical trails in patients with acute liver failure, chronic liver disease with end- stage cirrhosis. Extraordinary progress has been made in the field of hepatic progenitors and iPS.

21.  Liver precursor cells (oval cells) are recognized as bipotential precursor cells in the damaged liver. they can rapidly proliferate into hepatocytes for the cellular loss and differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes to compensate for the cellular loss and maintain liver homeostasis in animal models of liver injury.

22. Similarly, iPS are somatic cells obtained from patients and differentiated into hepatocytes in vitro. Future studies of iPS are designed to develop of specific conditions to expand and in vitro differentiated somatic cells into functionally mature liver cells.

23. Dermatology  Treatment of wounds, inc burns.  Understanding the process bye which skin cells differentiate thus providing better understanding for skin cancer.

24. Current research shows great promise for the treatment of heart disease, liver disease, diabetes, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease. Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury and systemic lupus.

25. Refrence:  www.prize4life.org www.prize4life.org  www.selectbiosciences.com/conferences www.selectbiosciences.com/conferences  www.vistastemcell.com www.vistastemcell.com  www.ajpheart.physiology.org/content/287/2/ H471.short www.ajpheart.physiology.org/content/287/2/ H471.short  www.medical_dictionary.com www.medical_dictionary.com

26. Thank you