1. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Sources of Data from the Robotic Missions III Geography 494-01 S/07 Dr. Christine M. Rodrigue

2. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Spirit and Opportunity Rovers 2004-present  Spirit in Gusev Crater

3. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Spirit and Opportunity Rovers 2004-present  Opportunity in Meridiani Planum

4. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Mars Exploration Rovers  Spirit and Opportunity instrumentation  Panoramic Camera (Pancam)  Microscopic Imager (MI)  Engineering Navigation Cameras (Navcam)  Engineering Hazard Avoidance Cameras (Hazcam)  Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES)  Mössbauer Spectrometer (MB)  Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS)  Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT)  Magnet Arrays

5. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Mars Exploration Rovers  Spirit and Opportunity instrumentation  Panoramic Camera (Pancam)  Stereoscopic CCD cameras (charge-coupled devices, like digital cameras, not TV cameras)  4,000 x 24,000 pixel resolution  8 filters per camera, each camera filtering a somewhat different array of wavelength bands, so 11 bands all together  Parallax and depth perception  Used to scan horizon and landscape for interesting features for the rover to explore  Properly filtered, they can be pointed at the sun to get absolute bearing for navigation and mapping purposes

6. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Mars Exploration Rovers  Spirit and Opportunity instrumentation  Panoramic Camera (Pancam)  Spirit true color image: layers in Gusev

7. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Mars Exploration Rovers  Spirit and Opportunity instrumentation  Panoramic Camera (Pancam)  Opportunity false color image: blueberries in Meridiani

8. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Mars Exploration Rovers  Spirit and Opportunity instrumentation  Panoramic Camera (Pancam)  Opportunity true color panorama mosaic: 8 m Fram Crater

9. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Mars Exploration Rovers  Spirit and Opportunity instrumentation  Panoramic Camera (Pancam)  Spirit true color 9 image 120  panorama: Columbia Hills

10. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Mars Exploration Rovers  Spirit and Opportunity instrumentation  Panoramic Camera (Pancam)  Spirit 360  panorama (true and false color):  Columbia Hills, from part way down Husband Hill (behind rover, which shows as far right and left) and facing toward McCool Hill  405 images are mosaicked together to form this 360  panorama

11. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Mars Exploration Rovers  Spirit and Opportunity instrumentation  Panoramic Camera (Pancam)  Opportunity anaglyph of Cape Verde layers in Victoria Crater (where the MRO caught the rover and its tracks, which you saw last week)  The two images from the Pancam are tinted red and blue and then superimposed in one image  You wear red/blue glasses, and your brain is tricked into seeing 3-d depth in a 2-d image

12. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Mars Exploration Rovers  Spirit and Opportunity instrumentation  Microscopic Imager (MI)  Microscope and CCD combination  1024 x 1024 resolution  Single broad-band filter from 0.40 – 0.68 microns (b/w)  Mounted on Instrument Deployment Device or the robot arm on which the Rock Abrasion Tool is deployed for grinding into rocks

13. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Mars Exploration Rovers  Spirit and Opportunity instrumentation  Microscopic Imager (MI)  Opportunity close up of concretions/ layers: source of blueberries

14. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Mars Exploration Rovers  Spirit and Opportunity instrumentation  Rock Abrasion Tool  RAT grinds a hole about 5 mm deep and 45 mm in diameter  Exposes subsurface minerals in a rock that haven’t been altered by surface processes  Opportunity MI close up anaglyph of RAT hole

15. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Mars Exploration Rovers  Spirit and Opportunity instrumentation  Spectroscopy  Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES)  Mössbauer Spectrometer (MB)  Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS)

16. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Mars Exploration Rovers  Spirit and Opportunity instrumentation  Spectroscopy  Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES)  Collects IR spectra emitted by rocks, soils, landscape features, and the atmosphere  These are converted to temperature readings  They also can differentiate minerals  Mössbauer Spectrometer (MB)  Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS)

17. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  Opportunity  Mini-TES  Temperatures in Endurance Crater taken by Opportunity  Blue is ~220K (-53  C or -64  F)  Red is ~280K (7  C or 44  F)

18. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  Opportunity  Mini-TES  Each pixel’s spectra broken out as an X-Y graph can identify minerals  How Mini-TES “sees” its targets  Sample spectra broken out and identified

19. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  Opportunity  Mini-TES  Mini-TES pointed skyward collects atmospheric temperature data  Daily readings over time from late summer to mid winter (sun longitude, with 74  corresponding to perihelion)  Colors correspond to time of day (purple is early morning, green is midday, red is late afternoon)

20. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Mars Exploration Rovers  Spirit and Opportunity instrumentation  Spectroscopy  Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES)  Mössbauer Spectrometer (MB)  Measures Rutherford backscattering (180  back-at- you scattering) of gamma rays (extremely short-wave and energetic)  Particularly sensitive to iron in minerals and can differentiate different species of iron-bearing minerals  Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS)

21. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  Opportunity  Mössbauer spectra for “Bounce Rock”  Rock by landing site in Eagle Crater – possibly broken by impact

22. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  NASA Mars Exploration Rovers  Spirit and Opportunity instrumentation  Spectroscopy  Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES)  Mössbauer Spectrometer (MB)  Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS)  Alpha particles generated by curium-244 smack atomic nuclei: heavier elements will tend to reflect and lighter elements will tend to absorb them  Protons are generated by the lighter nuclei that absorb alpha particles: great for identifying several elements common in rocks (sodium, magnesium, silicon, aluminium, and sulphur)  X-ray fluorescence measures photons emitted when electrons booted out of lower orbitals and outer electrons move inward to replace them: Photon count by energy level identifies which element has fluoresced and how many orbitals an electron has moved down

23. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions