1. Reliability in Embedded Software Joseph Lucas

2. Requirements Real time/reactive operation Real time/reactive operation Small size, low weight Small size, low weight Safe and reliable Safe and reliable Harsh environment Harsh environment Cost sensitivity Cost sensitivity

3. Software in Elections Before Electronic Voting Before Electronic Voting Done with Paper Ballots Done with Paper Ballots Punch Cards or Written Form Punch Cards or Written Form Counting process was done manually Counting process was done manually Advantages Advantages Accurate and Reliable Accurate and Reliable Disadvantages Disadvantages Slow and requires many dedicated officials Slow and requires many dedicated officials

4. Software in Elections (cont) Electronic Voting Electronic Voting In 2002, Congress passed Help America Vote Act In 2002, Congress passed Help America Vote Act Replaced punch card voting systems Replaced punch card voting systems Discrepancies found in Election 2004 Discrepancies found in Election 2004 Bush was favored in Bush was favored in Ohio and Wisconsin – 4% Ohio and Wisconsin – 4% Pennsylvania – 5% Pennsylvania – 5% Florida and Minnesota – 7% Florida and Minnesota – 7% New Hampshire – 15% New Hampshire – 15% In New Jersey during the Presidential Primary in 2008 In New Jersey during the Presidential Primary in 2008 At least 5 for 21 counties reported discrepancies on the number of Republicans and Democrats casting votes. At least 5 for 21 counties reported discrepancies on the number of Republicans and Democrats casting votes.

5. Impact The American society has not yet benefited The American society has not yet benefited Companies that supply voting machines claim reliable and accurate products Companies that supply voting machines claim reliable and accurate products Yet, discrepancies still occur Yet, discrepancies still occur Unacceptable Unacceptable Computer Science has advanced over the years to handle every vote. Computer Science has advanced over the years to handle every vote.

6. Conclusion Software Developers need to take Responsibility on any errors. Software Developers need to take Responsibility on any errors. Independent testing to ensure reliable and accurate results. Independent testing to ensure reliable and accurate results. Developers need to be competent in the requirements of the software. Developers need to be competent in the requirements of the software.

7. References http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/iccd96/iccd96.html http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/iccd96/iccd96.html http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/iccd96/iccd96.html http://www.fec.gov/hava/hava.htm http://www.fec.gov/hava/hava.htm http://www.fec.gov/hava/hava.htm http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/22/opinion/22sat2.html http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/22/opinion/22sat2.html Tatchell, Peter. “The Vote Grab: Voting Machines Are Unreliable and Innacurate.” The Independent. October 29, 2008. Tatchell, Peter. “The Vote Grab: Voting Machines Are Unreliable and Innacurate.” The Independent. October 29, 2008.