1. Biopsychology The Biological Basis of Behavior

2. Neurons: Structure Dendrites Cell Body Axon Myelin Sheath Nodes of Ranvier Terminal Buttons p. 45

3. Normally Functioning Nerves

4. The Synapse Synaptic Vesicles Synaptic Cleft Receptor Sites Presynaptic membrane Postsynaptic membrane Neurotransmitters p. 47

5. Neurotransmission 1. Resting Potential (-70 millivolts) 2. Threshold ( greater than -70 mv) 3. Action Potential ( positive) 4. Hyperpolerization (less than –70 mv) 5. Resting Potential (-70 mv)

6. Action Potential All or None Response Threshold Graded Potential Hyperpolarization Resting Potential

7. Steps in Neurotransmission 1. Dendrites/Cell are stimulated to threshold 2. Action potential travels down axon to presynaptic terminal 3. Vesicles fuse to terminal membrane and release neurotransmitter 4. Neurotransmitter crosses synaptic space

8. Steps in Neurotransmission 5.It binds to receptor site and alters charge of postsynaptic membrane. 6.The reaction of postynaptic membrane dislodges neurotransmitter from the receptor. 7.Neurotransmitter is deactivated. a) Diffuses away. b) Enzymes metabolize it (MAO). c) It is reuptaken into presynaptic terminal.

9. Effects of Neurotransmitters Excitatory Inhibitory

10. Types of Neurotransmitters  Acetylcholine: ACh  Norephinephrine: NE  Dopamine: DA  Serotonin:5-HT  Gamma-amino-butyric acid: GABA

11. Acetylcholine (ACh):  found through out the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and all neuromuscular junctions.  Excitatory  Involved in muscle action, attention, learning, and memory  Too much: spasms  Too little: paralysis

12. Norephinephrine: NE o Synonymous with Adrenalin o Found in ANS o Excitatory o Responsible for getting “pumped up” Fight or Flight Response o Eating behavior Carbo-craving

13. Dopamine: DA  Reward system  Produced by neurons located in a region of the brain called the substantia nigra.  Involved in pleasure, movement, attention, and learning.  Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons has been linked with Parkinson’s Disease. Too much dopamine is implicated in schizophrenia and Tourette’s.

14. Serotonin: 5-HT Found in the brain and spinal cord. Inhibitory Plays a role in the regulation of mood and is control of eating, sleep and arousal. Has also been implicated in the regulation of pain and dreaming. Destroyed by MAO SSRI’s (Prozac, Zoloft)

15. Gamma-amino-butyric acid: GABA Found through out the brain and spinal cord, in very high concentrations compared to other Neurotransmitters. Inhibitory Is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Abnormal levels of GABA have been linked to eating and sleeping disorders.

16. Nervous System Central Brain & Spinal Cord Peripheral Somatic ??? Autonomic Parasympathetic Sympathetic N.S. PeripheralCentral SomaticAutonomic SympatheticParaSymp p. 51

17. Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Fight or Flight Parasympathetic Maintenance & Refuel 1. Eyes open Wide 2. Mouth Goes Dry 3. Hr Increase 4. Start to Sweat 1. Eyes constrict 2. Mouth Waters 3. Digestion 4. Blood away from muscles

18. The Endocrine System The Brain Stem What is the difference between a neurotransmitter and a hormone? Where are the seats of consciousness?

19. Motivation & Emotion in the Brain Hypothalamus Limbic System Thalamus

20. Cortex o Parietal Lobe o Temporal Lobe o Occipital Lobe o Frontal Lobe

21. Brain Lateralization Left Hemisphere Right side of the body Language Wernike & Broca Right Hemisphere Left side of the body Creativity Math & Spatial tasks Nonverbal - Emotion

22. Q: What is the cause of ambidexterity? A: Handedness (the preference to use one hand over the other) is species- specific. In humans, about 90% prefer to use their right hand. What does this mean? Recall that the human brain is divided into a right and a left hemisphere. Typically, the left hemisphere in humans is dominant. We're not really sure why the left rather than the right (or both) becomes dominant, but probably it reflects the early fetal environment, particularly hormonal factors. Since the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, people with left hemisphere dominance will be right-handed. For left- handers and for those who are ambidextrous (can use both hands with the same level of skill), the right hemisphere tends to be dominant. Interestingly, language, which typically is the province of the dominant hemisphere, is equally likely to reside in either the left or right hemisphere for non-right-handed people. Those who are left-handed or ambidextrous also tend to have a thicker corpus callosum (the bundle of fibers joining the two hemispheres).

23. Genetics Structure and Function Gene therapy Nature vs. Nurture