1. How To Do A Literature Review Dr. Anne Davis Nov.17, 2005

2. Why research? Intellectual curiosity Intellectual curiosity Research is fun and exciting. Research is fun and exciting. Professional value Professional value Basis of knowledge Basis of knowledge Benefit to patient Benefit to patient Pain research for my knees Pain research for my knees

3. The reason why we review the literature To build on what has been done To build on what has been done To see where your research fits in that body of knowledge To see where your research fits in that body of knowledge To learn from problems of earlier author To learn from problems of earlier author To see what they recommended for further research To see what they recommended for further research

4. Literature Review 1. Source for Research Ideas---also from other sources, i.e. clinical, teaching, etc. 2. Find out what is already known— intellectual curiosity–who,what,why,how ? What research topic does interest you ? What research topic does interest you ? 3. Conceptual Framework—not every study has this stated. (Polit & Humgler: Nursing Research)

5. Literature Review (Cont.) 4. Get more understanding on methodology. How do I go about finding out what I want to know? Use of developed tools. Use of developed tools. 5. Discover any problems with sampling. What type of sample?

6. Literature Review (Cont.) 6. See how to organize the literature Review section for your own study. Several possible problems---- a) Much literature – my call to Kennedy Library of Bioethics… asked for end of live ethics. Librarian said TOO MUCH!! And I said I want this for Japan…… narrower down considerably in English.

7. Literature Review (Cont.) b) Too little literature c) Literature in another culture. Student in Taiwan using research conducted in USA

8. Literature Review (Cont.) 7. Sources Library is one of the most important places in the life of a student. Think of all the ideas found there.(1)Books(2)Journals(3)Index-international Nursing Index—journal index mostly Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Nursing studies Index (4) Computer Searches---depends on what your library has. Library is one of the most important places in the life of a student. Think of all the ideas found there.(1)Books(2)Journals(3)Index-international Nursing Index—journal index mostly Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Nursing studies Index (4) Computer Searches---depends on what your library has. Use of key words –index Medicus-Medline Use of key words –index Medicus-Medline Other people—RNs, teachers, students Other people—RNs, teachers, students

9. Literature Review  Source (4) Computer Searches---depends on what your library has. Use of key words – index Medicus-Medline Other people—RNs 、 teachers 、 students

10. Read widely on your topic in several appropriate fields of study Begin to know names of those who have written extensively on the topic

11. How far back you will read? Depending on topic It will be determined by a. what is available b. nature of the topic if SARS cannot go back very far

12. Possible Problems Too much literature Too much literature Very little literature Very little literature Use of literature from another culture or use of research tools from another country when they have not been tested for fit with Taiwan culture Use of literature from another culture or use of research tools from another country when they have not been tested for fit with Taiwan culture For example: Nursing Diagnosis For example: Nursing Diagnosis

13. How to critique the article or book? If research Statement of research problem or question Statement of research problem or question Methodology-use of measurements Methodology-use of measurements Review of literature Review of literature Sample and setting Sample and setting Findings Findings Discussion of findings Discussion of findings Conclusions/recommendations Conclusions/recommendations

14. How to critique the article or book? If qualitative research plausible plausible If not research but a polemical essay Does it seem logical given what you know about the subject? Does it seem logical given what you know about the subject? Does it seem biased? Does it seem biased? What references does the author use? What references does the author use?

15. Example － End of Life Ethics Culture in general Culture in general Definition of the self Definition of the self The role of the family and what is meant by “family” The role of the family and what is meant by “family” Gender roles in family － decision making Gender roles in family － decision making Who usually makes what sort of decisions Who usually makes what sort of decisions Role of elderly in family Role of elderly in family Is respect for elderly strong or not? Is respect for elderly strong or not? What does respect mean? What does respect mean? Death rituals Death rituals The meaning of death The meaning of death

16. Influences Religion Religion Cultural influences Cultural influences Language Language Notions of obligations, rights Notions of obligations, rights Whose name is mentioned many times Whose name is mentioned many times What have they written on this topic What have they written on this topic Any research on dying or death in Japan written in English Any research on dying or death in Japan written in English Any of this about ethical issues Any of this about ethical issues

17. I read health care ethics, anthropology, psychiatry, psychology, nursing, sociology, medicine, fiction. I read and critiqued with my western Knowledge as my point of reference I sought out clarification from Japanese colleagues re some of these ideas

18. Any Questions?