1. International Air Quality Standards Laura Knudsen, International Studies, Environmental Studies, Quantitative Science Professor Peter Guttorp, Statistics, University of Washington US FOCUS EUUSUKCHINASWEDEN SOUTH AFRICA MEXICO GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION and INFORMATION BODIES *European Environment Commission *European Environment Commission *European Environment Information and Observation Network *US Environmental Protection Agency *UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) *State Environmental Protection on Administration (SEPA) *China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC) *Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) *Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism (DEA&T) *Secretary of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) MAJOR AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT, REGULATION AND ENFORCEMENT TOOLS *EU Emissions Trading Scheme ---Must be implemented by national legislation *Clean Air Act and National Ambient Air Quality Standards *SEMAQ (Satellite- Assisted Management of Air Quality) *Stack Tests *UK Air Quality Indicators *UK Air Quality Archive *UK Emissions Trading Registry *3 Different Grades of Air Quality Standards (I, II, III) *Sulfur filters will be installed by 2010 *Taxes ---Carbon Tax, Sulfur Tax, Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Fee Program *National Environmental Management Act (1998) *Air Quality Act * Environmental Information System *Mexico National Emissions Inventory ENFORCEMENT STANDARDS EUROPEAN UNION FOCUS European Union USUK CHINA (  g/m 3 ) SWEDENMEXICOWHO SO 2 1 hour 1 hour 350  g/m 3 may be exceeded 24X/year 350 ug/m 3 may be exceeded 24X/year Grade 1: 150 Grade 2: 500 Grade 3: 700 200  g/m 3 may be exceeded 175X/year may be exceeded 175X/year 24 hour 24 hour 125  g/m 3 may be exceeded 3X/year 367  g/m 3 may be exceeded 1X/year 125  g/m  may be exceeded 3X/year Grade 1: 50 Grade 2: 150 Grade 3: 250 100  g/m 3 may be exceeded 7X/year 340  g/m 3 20  g/m 3 Annual Annual 21  g/m 3 79  g/m 3 Grade 1: 20 Grade 2: 60 Grade 3: 100 20  g/m 3 79  g/m 3 NO 2 1 hour 1 hour 200  g/m 3 may be exceeded 18X/year 200  g/m  may be exceeded 18X/year Grade 1: 120 Grade 2: 240 Grade 3: 240 90  g/m 3 may be exceeded 175X/year 395  g/m 3 200  g/m 3 Annual Annual 40  g/m 3 100  g/m 3 40  g/m  Grade 1: 40 Grade 2: 80 Grade 3: 80 40  g/m 3 PM (10) 24 hour 24 hour 50  g/m 3 may be exceeded 35X/year 150  g/m 3 may be exceeded 1X/year over an average of 3 years 50  g/m 3 may be exceeded 35X/year Grade 1: 50 Grade 2: 150 Grade 3: 250 50  g/m 3 may be exceeded 35X/year 150  g/m 3 50  g/m 3 Annual Annual 40  g/m 3 Grade 1: 40 Grade 2: 100 Grade 3: 150 40  g/m 3 50  g/m 3 20  g/m 3 PM (2.5) 24 hour 24 hour 15  g/m 3 65  g/m 3 25  g/m 3 CO 8 hour mean 8 hour mean 10 mg/m 3 may be exceeded 1X/year 10 mg/m 3 13 mg/m 3 Ozone 8 hour mean 8 hour mean 120  g/m 3 may be exceeded 25 days/year averaged over 3 years 157  g/m 3 120  g/m 3 may be exceeded 25 days/year averaged over 3 years 120  g/m 3 100  g/m 3 1 hour mean 1 hour mean 236  g/m 3 Grade 1: 160 Grade 2: 200 Grade 3: 200 216  g/m 3 Standard battles Source: EU Commission, 2004 THE NETHERLANDS -Benchmarking Covenant clashes with EU Emissions Trading Directive -Standards are more stringent than EU standards UNITED KINGDOM -UK Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) clashed with EU Emissions Trading Directive -Compromise between EU ETS and UK ETS (exemption of some UK installations) European Commission develops and researches standards European Environment Agency provides information to the public and policy-makers European Parliament and European Commission set standards Each nation is in charge of creating implementation plans European Court of Justice tries nations that do not comply Criteria document developed by EPA Office of Research and Development Staff paper developed by EPA Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards Criteria document and staff paper reviewed by the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) Public participation occurs at this stage. EPA Administrator sets standards States create implementation plans (SIP) *states may have more strict standards than federal standard Department of Ecology and Clean Air Agencies monitor standards, prosecute and fine violators Environmental Appeals Board Fines and penalties may be appealed