1. Fig.11.1 A protein in the apparent preferred chromatographic contact orientation with a simulated anion-exchange surface.Electrostatic equipotential surfaces are displayed for the protein and the ion-exchange surface according to the following scheme.

3. Fig.11.2 The variation of electrochemical potential in the vicinity of the interface between two phases,α 、 β: (a)According to a schematic profile (b)According to the parallel plate capacitor model.

4. Fig.11.3 The electric field in a parallel plate capacitor: (a)The dielectric is a vacuum. (b)A material of dielectric constant is present.

5. Fig.11.4 Two models for the double layer: (a)A diffuse double layer. (b)Charge neutraliztion due partly to a parallel plate charge distribution and partly to a diffuse layer.

8. Fig.11.5 Fraction of double-layer potential versus distance from a surface according to the Debye-Huckel approximation: (a)Curves drawn for 1:1 electrolyte at three concentration. (b)Curves drawm for 0.001M symmetrical electrolytes of three different valence types.

10. Fig.11.6 Varitation of the double-layer potential versus distance from the surface according to four expression from this chapter.

11. Fig.11.7 Schematic representation of the overlap of two double layers when a pair of plates is brought to a surface separation h.

12. Fig.11.8 Schematic illustration that shows how the repulsion between spheres may be calculated from the interaction between flat plates.

13. Fig.11.9 Schematic illustration of the variation of potential with distance from a charged wall in the presence of a Stern layer.