1. BIO’s CATS Field, modelling, chemistry and instrumentation work November 2006 Simon Prinsenberg, Jim Hamilton and Peter Rhines

2. 1 - Field work +Data 2 - Modelling 3 - Instrumentation Salinity δ 18 O (‰) 0 -30 035 seawater Meteoric water (rain, snow, river runoff, glacial meltwater) Sea-ice meltwater 4 - Chemistry

3. Field/Data – Jim Hamilton Muray Scotney Roger Petipas Peter Rhines Modelling – Charles Hannah Dave Greenberg Youyu Lu Fred Dupont Instrumentation – George Fowler Brain Beamlands Greg Siddall Peter Rhines Chemistry – Kumico Atzuo-Scott

4. Project’s aim is to monitor and simulate The fluxes through the CAA as part of the Arctic-Atlantic ocean conveyor belt circulation From G. Holloway CAA- Canadian Arctic Archipelago Barrow Strait - Lancaster Sound

5. Three major straits through the CAA Survey area (red Box) Grid show the diagnostic finite element model domain (20058 elements )

6. Observation Problems: Magnetic north pole Mobile ice cover Modelling Problems: Complex topography Lack of bathymetric and oceanographic data North Pole

7. Lancaster Sound year-long mooring 2004-05 southnorth

8. Software and hardware to measure current direction in Low-horizontal Magnetic field with mid-water floats Magnetic direction 88 O in CAA Vertical direction 90 O by Jim Hamilton normally ADCP with role/tilt compass

9. -Watson Compass provides role-tilt and magnetic Pole direction -This provides current magnetic direction data -Corrected by Resolute magnetic data for wandering magnetic North Pole. -To finally provide current direction to true north -Special data processing Measuring current direction in Low-horizontal Magnetic field 2004 True North Magnetic North

10. Lancaster sound survey - Deployment of ADCP and battery pack

11. ULS mounted between two A2-SUBs Ice draft measurements (2sec. data)

12. Lancaster Sound August 2004 - First 6-years of field data

13. Ocean statistics from time series data Surface current Barrow Strait 3 month average from bi-hourly data

14. Ocean and pack ice statistics from time series data Plots? Tables? Website? Currents at 80m Barrow Strait 3 month average from bi-hourly data

15. Ocean and pack ice statistics from time series data Plots? Tables? Website? Ice velocity Barrow Strait 3 month average from bi-hourly data

16. Ice draft plot monthly max., mean and Std. Dev. from 2sec time series data

17. Weekly and monthly fluxes for Aug. 98 to July 05 (7 years of data) (seasonal weighted 2/3 southern site data and 1/3 northern site data) Summer

18. Yearly and seasonal mean estimated fluxes passing through Lancaster Sound in units of Sv (= 10 6 m 3 /s). YearFallWinterSpringSummer 1998/99Volume0.4-0.00.40.50.7 Freshw.0.030.00.03 0.04 1999/00Volume0.90.30.91.11.3 Freshw.0.060.020.06 0.08 2000/01Volume1.0 0.8 1.2 Freshw.0.06 0.05 0.07 2001/02Volume0.60.10.40.9 Freshw.0.040.010.020.060.07 2002/03Volume0.90.60.51.21.1 Freshw.0.060.050.030.080.9 2003/04Volume0.60.30.50.61.2 Freshw.0.050.040.030.040.09 2004/05Volume0.50.10.60.70.9 Freshw.0.040.010.040.050.-6

19. Monthly mean volume flux through eastern Barrow Strait derived from 6-year of mooring data (Aug. 1998 – Aug. 2004).

20. Transports from mooring data and their variability NAO

21. 2 - Modelling

22. Modelling Problems: Complex topography Lack of bathymetric and oceanographic data D. Greenberg, C. Hannah F. Dupont

23. Summer surface currents (arrows) for -10cm Baffin Bay set-up color code is for depth contours

24. Ice concentration during the 1 year run coupled to AIM Sep 89 June 1990 July 1990 August 1990 Sep 1990

25. Surface ocean current during the 1 year run coupled to AIM Sep 89 Dec 89 Mars 90 June 1990Sep 1990

26. WebTide C. Hannah

27. WebTide Tidal Currents Future: wind effects

28. Increased # grids 3-4km at transect Good for shore erosion, ship mooring sites and harbours

29.  Ocean module based on NEMO (OPA) and CICE ice module  Domain covers Arctic Ocean and sub-polar NA; a subset of global 1/4º MERCATOR grids  Minimum grid size 6 km in CAA and maximum15 km in Arctic Ocean and up to 40 vertical levels  480x468x40 grids Youyu LU Large scale Ice-ocean Model (DFO and IPY) Ice thickness

30. 3 - Instrumentation

31. Sensor Float Midwater Float Acoustic Release EM Cable ICYCLER #2 ICYCLER: Surface layer CTD profiler moored beneath mobile pack ice Problem: Can not moor instruments in surface layer because of mobile ice cover, and yet there is where the large variability in the oceanographic parameters occur. 25m 50m By George Fowler

32. ICYCLER #1 provided yearlong CTD-Chl data set 2003-2004 from Lancaster Sound

33. Fluorescence Temperature Yearlong Aug 2003- Aug 2004

34. Freshwater flux is underestimated by 30m MicroCat data seasondays ICYCLER MCatDeltaS.V cm/s%∆ fw Sum034029.8331.13-1.4035-28 Fall039130.4231.23-0.8115-19 Win049131.2531.41-0.1607-04 Spr049131.4331.74-0.3108-10 Sum044231.0831.76-0.6815-18

36. SeaMotor

37. Seacat pressure data Lost-found ICYCLER Aug. 04 – Aug. 06

38. - Profiler line spooled out - Buoyancy tank imploded but sealed - Baterry dead and Corrosion

39. Salinity δ 18 O (‰) 0 -30 035 seawater Meteoric water (rain, snow, river runoff, glacial meltwater) Sea-ice meltwater 4 - Chemistry

40. How to use oxygen isotope composition (δ 18 O) to quantify the fresh water compositions Water is a mixture of seawater and meteoric water Water is a mixture of seawater, meteoric water and sea-ice meltwater Water is a mixture of seawater and sea-ice meltwater Salinity δ 18 O (‰) 0 -30 035 seawater Meteoric water (rain, snow, river runoff, glacial meltwater) Sea-ice meltwater light oxygen (O-16) enriched heavy oxygen (O-18) enriched

41. How to use Total Alkalinity to quantify the fresh water compositions Water is a mixture of seawater and sea ice meltwater Water is a mixture of seawater, river runoff and sea-ice meltwater Water is a mixture of seawater and river runoff salinity Total Alkalinity Seawater Sea Ice, rain, snow meltwater River runoff 035 0 2300

42. Barrow Strait 1980 1977 2003 Seasonality ? Time series data Salinity δ 18 O (‰) 0 -30 035 seawater Meteoric water (rain, snow, river runoff, glacial meltwater) Sea-ice meltwater

43. Yearlong water sampler to determine δ 18 O MicroLab by Environtech

44. Where are we heading with the CAA research -Moorings in until August 2007????? -Modelling effort reduced at moment effort on data processing - Waiting for B-Base funding cycle to clear PERD (by early 2007) -Waiting for B-Base funding cycle to clear IPY (by early 2007)