2. How many computers can fit into a drop of water? Udi Shapiro Ehud Shapiro

4. Medicine in 2050: “Doctor in a Cell” Programmable Computer Molecular Input Molecular Output

5.  micron in Pentium II Scaling electro and bio devices

6. E. Coli 1 micron  micron in Pentium II Scaling electro and bio devices

7. E. Coli

8. E. Coli internals (1Mbyte)

9. Ribosomes in operation Ribosomes translate RNA to Proteins RNA Polymerase transcribes DNA to RNA

10. A mechanical computer

11. 12 3 4 5 A

12. BFront Back 1a 1b 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b 5a 5b 5a 5b 4a 4b 3a 3b

13. Medicine in 2050: “Doctor in a Cell” Programmable Computer

15. S0 S1 a a b b A1: even number of b’s Automaton A1 accepting inputs with an even number of b ’s

16. Turing Machine and Finite Automaton

17. Example Computation

18. S0-abaaba (S0 S0) S0-baaba (S0 S1) S1-aaba (S1 S1) S1-aba (S1 S1) S1-ba (S1 S0) S0-a (S0 S0) S0 (final state) The input is accepted An example computation over abaaba

19. T1: S0 S0 T2: S0 S1 T3: S0 S0 T4: S0 S1 T5: S1 S0 T6: S1 S1 T7: S1 S0 T8: S1 S1 A list of all 8 possible transition rules

20. Automata programs used to test the molecular implementation

21. Molecular realization of Finite Automata Input: DNA S, a rest a’ Software: DNA S, a FokI Hardware: Class-II restriction enzyme FokI, DNA Ligase, ATP as fuel