1. Context-Aware Systems
UbiCom Book Slides
Chapter 7
Context-Aware Systems
(Part A: Contexts & the Context-Aware Lifecycle)
Stefan Poslad
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

2. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Chapter 7: Overview
Chapter 7 focuses on:
Internal system properties: context-awareness
External interaction with any type of environment
Focussing more on physical environment
A lesser extent focussing on ICT environment
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

3. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Related Chapter Links
Context-awareness of human environment (iHCI) and person-awareness and user context acquisition (Chapter 5)
Environment context acquisition: sensors (Chapter 6)
Environment context control: controllers (Chapter 6)
Event-based system models for context-awareness (Chapter 3)
Goal-based models & sequential environment models (Chapter 8)
Content adaptation for mobile terminals (Chapter 4)
UI techniques adapted for use in small and large displays discussed (Chapter 5)
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

4. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Chapter 7: Overview
The slides for this chapter are also expanded and split into several parts in the full pack
Part A: Contexts & the Context-Aware Lifecycle
Part B: Context Adaptation Design
Part C: Spatial Awareness 1
Part C: Spatial Awareness 2
Part E: Mobile Awareness
Part F: Temporal Awareness & Composite Context Awareness
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

5. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Lecture Outline
Types of Context and Context Properties 
Context Aware Life Cycle
Context Adaptation
Spatial-Awareness
Mobile User Context Awareness: Call Routing
Content Adaptation for Mobile Terminals
Temporal awareness
Composite Context Awareness
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

6. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

7. Context Aware System versus Sensor-based System
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

8. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Contexts
A context represents the state or situation in the environment of a system that affects that system’s (application specific) behaviour
There are many definitions of context
There are several dimensions or properties to characterise contexts
There are many definitions of how to make systems aware of changes in their context: context awareness
Context-awareness is considered to be one of the fundamental properties of UbiComp systems and is a key property of smart environments.
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

9. Defining Contexts: Concrete
In terms of membership of some set of contexts
Location, identities of nearby people, objects and changes to those objects
Applications
External environment: physical, human, virtual
Awareness of internal (self) context may also be useful
What, who, where, when, how it is accessed and why, context is useful (Morse et al. (2000)
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

10. Context Types: By Application
We can classify context-awareness in terms of types of applications?
Mobility context-aware
Location aware
Time aware
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11. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Lecture Outline
Types of Context & Context Properties
Context Aware Life Cycle 
Context Adaptation
Spatial-Awareness
Mobile User Context Awareness: Call Routing
Content Adaptation for Mobile Terminals
Temporal awareness
Composite Context Awareness
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

12. Life-cycle for Context Awareness
Capture Physical Context
Capture User Context
Context Processing
Adapt to Context
Manage contexts
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13. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

14. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
User Context Creation
Acquisition of user context: this can be derived from user’s application tasks
Policy creation: created from user’s tasks to determine how a user context is mediated by environment contexts
Encapsulation and abstraction: of the user context
Sharing the user context so that it can be distributed and accessed.
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

15. Environment Context Creation / Capture
Acquisition:
Encapsulation:
Abstraction:
Filtering:
Sharing:
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

16. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Context Processing
N.B Context acquisition may involve some context pre-processing, here the focus is on context post-processing. Context post-processing enables:
Context-composition:
Context Mediation:
Context Adaptation:
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17. Context Composition: Motivation
Context composition may also be driven by the need to:
Improve acquisition accuracy for the context
Improve filtering and adaptation of content
Composite contexts are in inherent an application
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18. Context Composition: Challenges
Handling heterogeneity of representation
Handling heterogeneity of meaning
Mediating and coordinating context aggregation
Ordering the adaptation to individual contexts
Different weightings for combining contexts
Handling uncertainty in combining contexts
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

19. Context Composition, Heterogeneous Contexts & Interoperability
Context-aware systems may depend on & combine:
multiple representations for a single context .
multiple representations of multiple contexts
Multiple representations determined independently by different applications & users
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20. Context Composition, Heterogeneous Contexts & Interoperability
Determination of a proposed joint context for meeting can be complex
Challenge here: to harmonize or standardize annotation so that they would be consistent used by all users.
Security, e.g., access control could be useful in certain applications to protect privacy or to limit access,
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21. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Context Management
Discovery: directory services enable context sources, stores and users to be registered and discovered.
Storage: of context data into some data resource, may include …
Sharing of environment and goal contexts
Access control: .
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

22. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Lecture Outline
Types of Context and Context Properties
Context Aware Life Cycle
Context Adaptation 
Spatial-Awareness
Mobile User Context Awareness: Call Routing
Content Adaptation for Mobile Terminals
Temporal awareness
Composite Context Awareness
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

23. Context Adaptation: Passive vs Active
Passive context adaptation system
Context is presented to users
Context-based tagging (chapter 6)
System is not active in terms of adapting
Active context-adaptation system
Adaptation to context performed by the UbiCom system, not human users.
Hybrid context adaptive system
Human user guides or corrects the automatic adaptation
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

24. Context Adaptation Models
Event-based Models (Chapter 3)
Context-awareness links context producer to a context-consumer or context-adapter
EDA is also similar to a Reactive intelligent system
See Chapter 8
How do we limit the types of interest?
Goal-based Models
Use a (planned) application or user goal to limit the set of current contexts which are useful
Relation of current context to goal context is fundamental
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25. Context-aware Application: Location (context) awareness
Goal context
Current context
Context Path
Constraints
Travel to the destination location
Current location
Planned path from the current to destination location
Not to deviate too far from the anticipated or planned position context;
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26. Context-aware Application: Location (context) awareness
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27. Context Aware Design Issues
Context Representation 
Use of Current versus Past Contexts
Context Determination
Static versus Dynamic CA
Active versus Passive Context Adaptation (done)
Heterogeneous Contexts & Interoperability
Context Composition
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28. Context Representations
What type of data structures should be used to model contexts?
Key-Value pairs
Hierarchies / Markup Schemes, e.g., XML
Graphs
Object Oriented (o-o)
Logic Based: support reasoning about context
Strong Ontology
Which of these is best? Why?
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29. Use of Current Context vs. use of Context History
Simplest type of context-aware system
Uses the current context, the current state, episodic, environment
Operates in an environment that is fully observed and deterministic
But context history can also be used
See Chapter 8 for more in-depth treatment of environments
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30. CA Design issues: Context Determination
Context determination: acquisition, accuracy particularly of user context can be complex
Active versus passive context acquisition
Single shot (static) versus dynamic acquisition
Heterogeneous context representation (syntax) and semantics, interoperability
Context distribution: Local context producer but remote context consumer
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31. User Context Determination
4 approaches
Combine several low-level sensor inputs to better infer user context,
Can Query user profile or model: abstraction that characterises the user, preferences the user expresses,
Ask users to define their own context.
Observing user interaction
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32. Static versus Dynamic CA
Static environment context
Dynamic environment context:
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

33. Context Adaptation Benefits
Many useful Applications:
Reduces information overload on users
Lessen cognitive load on users
Filter information to fit a mobile device's limited and physically moving display,
Disabled people
Improve Regulation & Control
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34. Context-awareness: Challenges
1. User Contexts may be incorrectly, incompletely, imprecisely determined or predicted, ambiguous
2. Environment Contexts may be incorrectly, incompletely, imprecisely defined, determined or predicted.
3. Contexts may exhibits a range of spatial-temporal characteristics
4. Contexts may have alternative representations
5.Contexts may be distributed and partitioned, composed of multiple parts that are highly interrelated
6. Contexts may generate data huge volumes
7. Context sources and local processes often need to embedded in a low resource infrastructure
8. Context use can reduce the privacy of humans
9. Awareness of context shifts can distract users
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

35. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Lecture Outline
Types of Context and Context Properties
Context Aware Life Cycle
Context Adaptation
Spatial-Awareness 
Mobile User Context Awareness: Call Routing
Content Adaptation for Mobile Terminals
Temporal awareness 
Composite Context Awareness
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

36. Spatial-Awareness Overview
Trigger spatial-aware services
Sense / determine current Location
Determine the spatial context
Service adaptation: adapt spatial information view w.r.t. to location
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37. Spatial-Aware Applications
Applications which trigger use of spatial aware
Navigation, e.g., I'm lost, where is nearest Metro station?
Notification of context change: e.g. traffic queue ahead, change route..
Querying location context, e.g. What speed limit on this road?
Personal Emergency: e.g. medical and Roadside
Emergency Service Operations: e.g., Are flammables nearby?
Enterprise Asset Tracking: e.g. “Where is water supply?
Public Asset Tracking e.g. where is the train now?
Personal Asset Tracking e.g. I lost my PDA, where is it now?
Location / time based offers, e.g. Free mobile phone calls while you are in location X
Location & time synchronisation: e.g., ImaHima users
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38. Location-Aware vs Spatial Aware vs Composite Spatial Aware
Triggering
Awareness of a location – a point in 3D space
Awareness of a location in relation to another location
Awareness of a location in relating to its surrounding 2D space
Composite spatial awareness
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

39. Location Determination Methods
Several common Methods
Proximity Analysis
Triangulation
Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), Multi-lateration
Trilateration
Received Signal Strength (RSS)
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40. Location Determination : Triangulation
If distance AB, angles at A and B are known then X and Y can be determined using basic trigonometry
Sin A = Y / a
Sin B = Y / b
Y = a * Sin A = b * Sin B
Cos A = X / a
X = a * Cos A = AB – b * Cos B
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41. Location determination: TDOA
Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), Multilateration
TOA measurement of time signal sent vs. time received: distance d = time t * signal propagation speed s.
N.B. Assumes accurate clock synchronisation, sender knows time of transmission
TDOA or measurement at 2 or more receivers (or sent from 2 or more senders)
use to estimate the difference in distances between the 2.
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42. Location Determination: Trilateration
Trilateration: uses absolute measurements of time-of-arrival from three or more sites
Trilateration is a method of determining the relative positions of objects using the geometry of triangles in a similar fashion as triangulation.
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43. Location determination: Trilateration
3 Equations to determine location of point O w.r.t. known locations A,B, and C on a 2D plane
RA2 = X2 +Y2
RB2 = (X-(AO+OB))2 +Y2
RC2 = (X-AO)2 +(Y-OC)2
Use substitution to get X and Y
X = (RA2 - RB2 + (AO+OB)2 ) / 2 (AO+OB)
Y = (RA2 - RC2 + AO2+OC2 ) / 2OC) – AOX / OC
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44. Location Determination: RSS
Received Signal Strength (RSS)
Estimate the RF signal strength at a receiver
Knowing the transmission signal strength
Knowing the attenuation of the signal as a function of distance and signal transmission strength,
e.g., 1/r2
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45. Location Determination: Range
IR / BlueTooth: ?
RFID systems: ?
WLAN: ?
GPS: ?
GSM: ?
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46. Location Determination: Uncertainty
Distance & timing measurements has some uncertainty in practice:
variable attenuation (due to moisture in air etc),
multi-path effects,
reflections,
spot interference,
knowing the time of transmission accurately etc
(see also Chapter 11)
How can we correct for this uncertainty?
We can measure signal w.r.t to multiple transmitters to correct for this variability
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47. Location Determination: Handling Inaccuracy & Uncertainty
Handling the lack of accuracy, uncertainty in the location
Accuracy requirements for some applications can be relaxed
Could use orientation or a priori knowledge of geo-attributes to help determine the location, .
Can use hybrid systems or assisted systems that combine strengths and minimise weaknesses of several systems.
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48. Location & Other Spatial Abstractions
Location coordinate in itself is often not so useful, it is too low-level
It is the Spatial context for a location that is useful and gives it the location meaning.
E.g.,
Forward-tracking: relation of the current coordination to an end coordination / future goal
e.g.,
Backward tracking: relation of current location coordination to start coordination, to past routes, to past goals
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49. Location Awareness: Geographical Information System (GIS)
Need spatial services to determine the spatial context
This is a GIS service
A GIS service needs to do more answer spatial queries, it also needs to be:
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50. Location Awareness: Geographical Information System (GIS)
A GIS system supports services to support:
Spatial context representations
Spatial context capture
Spatial annotation: bind context to geometric object or view
Coordinate transformation
Spatial data storage
Spatial analysis including queries
Spatial data output & cartography
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51. Geospatial Information System (GIS)
A service, such as a Geospatial Information System (GIS) service, is needed to answer spatial queries
E.g., “Is there a type of service X within 1 km of here?”.
GIS services represent real world objects
such as roads, land use, elevation with digitised spatial data.
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52. GIS: What the Data Represents
Geospatial data consists of multiple parts:
Geometrical object
e.g., point, line, polygon etc
Geo-attributes that form the spatial context
e.g.,
types of feature, and associated attributes, e.g
Annotations of geometrical object
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53. GIS: Data Representation
GIS represents real world objects (roads, land use, elevation) with digitised spatial data
Real world spatial objects can be
discrete objects (house)
continuous fields (rain fall, elevation)
Digitised GIS data consists of two parts
Geometrical objects
Spatial context / Geo-attributes

54. GIS: Geometric Data Capture
There are a variety of methods used to capture Geo-context
Digitizer
e.g.,
Scanner
e.g.,.
Direct entry of surveyed or sensed data
E.g.,,
Photo interpretation of aerial photographs.
E.g.,
Can configure relative location accuracy vs. absolute accuracy & level of accuracy.
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55. GIS: Spatial Context Capture
Geocoding: derive location from spatial context
Reverse geocoding : derive spatial context from location
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56. GIS Data Capture: Processing
Geo Data after capture usually requires editing
Vector data must be made "topologically correct" before it can be used for some advanced analysis.
Projections
Adjacency
To remove errors
E.g.,
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57. GIS data coordinate Transformation
100+ different coordinate systems exist for positions
Likely that measured location co-ordinates & geospatial object coordinates in GIS will be different
-> Need transformations
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58. GIS Data Storage & Retrieval';
Many DBs with spatial extensions use GIS data structures that are based on the Open GIS Consortium (OGC) Geographical Markup Language (GML) standards
Spatial databases are optimised?
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59. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
GIS: Spatial Queries
Example query, How far, as the crow flies, from Queen Mary to Mile End Tube?
SELECT (orig.buildingloc<->dest. buildinglloc)*37.5 AS "Distance (kms)"
FROM buildingl orig, buildingl dest
WHERE orig. buildinglname = ‘Queens Building'
AND dest.buildingname = ‘MileEnd Tube Station
A spatial query involves determining
which indexed region a spatial object of interest is in where a region bounds a set of spatial objects
then locating a specific object within that selected region,
e.g., determining the distance from Queen Mary (Object D) to Mile-End Tube station (Object A)
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60. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
GIS: Spatial Queries
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61. Spatial Adaptation: GIS Data output & Cartography
Some main uses of spatial-adaptation:
????
Cartography is the design and production of maps, or visual representations of spatial data.
The vast majority of modern cartography is done with the help of computers, usually using a GIS. Most GIS software gives the user substantial control over the appearance of the data
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62. GIS Data Output & Cartography
Cartographic work serves two major functions:
It produces maps and other graphics,
To allow the map to be annotated with symbols and text for the information of interest,
Web Map Servers facilitate the exchange of generated maps information via Web Services,
e.g., ???
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63. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Lecture Outline
Types of Context and Context Properties
Context Aware Life Cycle
Context Adaptation
Spatial-Awareness
Mobile User Context Awareness: Call Routing 
Content Adaptation for Mobile Terminals
Temporal awareness
Composite Context Awareness
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

64. Context awareness: Indoor Call Routing For Mobile Users
Active Badge Location System of Want et al. begun in 1989
Location awareness users to route calls through to their nearest fixed line phone indoors
Readers detect signals from wearable active badges
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65. Mobile User (ICT) Context awareness: WAN Call Routing For Mobile Users
Basic mobile phone location determination ….
Determine which mobile phone transmitter, its area of operation (its cell), phone is nearest to.
Phone users registered in HLR
When users pass between areas, a cell notifies its VLR
When a call is made by user B to user A, the call first queries the VLR
If A not there, call is made to A’s HLR
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66. Location Determination in A Mobile Phone Network
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67. Context awareness: Call Routing For Mobile Users
System is aware of users’ location
Location awareness is a means not the end goal
Interoperability between mobile terminals / handsets and network?
Multimedia content adaption: content to fit resources of limited resource terminal and terminal access network
See later, also Chapter 11,
How to prevent huge choice and volumes overloading mobile user with limited attention capability?
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68. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Lecture Outline
Types of Context and Context Properties
Context Aware Life Cycle
Context Adaptation
Spatial-Awareness
Mobile User Context Awareness: Call Routing
Content Adaptation for Mobile Terminals 
Temporal awareness
Composite Context Awareness
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

69. Content Adaptation for Mobile Terminals
Content adaptation to two main types of ICT are considered here:
Adaption to the terminal
Adaption to the network connecting the terminal
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70. Content Adaptation for Mobile Terminals
UI facilitates presenting and entering information for human use
Universal content access entails content access via a proliferation of interactive devices with diverse capabilities.
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71. UI Context Representation
The UI context can be defined in a UI device profile.
There are several different specifications for representing the UI profile.
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72. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Content Adaptation
Needed to adapt content for display
Much content designed for decimetre sized screens:
But what if displayed on small displays? e..g, mobile phone
But what if displayed on large screens? e.g., projectors,
Need Content adaptation this involves:
Transformation of the created content representation to a different one used in the access device,
Adaptation of the (multimodal) interaction
Adaptation to use a particular device display convention
Adaptation of the content itself.
See also the range of UI techniques adapted for use in small and large displays (Chapter 5)
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73. Content Adaptation: Network-Aware
A service that is aware of the characteristics of the physical network is called underlay-network aware (Chapter 11)
Enhancements are needed to TCP/IP network design to support more flexible context-aware QoS delivery.
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74. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Lecture Outline
Types of Context and Context Properties
Context Aware Life Cycle
Context Adaptation
Spatial-Awareness
Mobile User Context Awareness: Call Routing
Content Adaptation for Mobile Terminals
Temporal awareness 
Composite Context Awareness
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

75. Temporal Awareness: Time
Time may be modelled as a period
Time may be modelled as an instant,
Time can be modelled as a linear sequence
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76. Time Awareness: Scheduling
Given:
a set of tasks to perform (the user context),
a set of resources to use and
a set of time constraints (the temporal context),
The objective of task scheduling is to allocate times and resources to user tasks.
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77. Time Awareness: Scheduling
Task scheduling is simplest when …
Simple scheduling can involve deriving a personalised schedule that it a subset of another schedule known a priori,
e.g., .
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78. Time Awareness: Scheduling
Simple job scheduling algorithm is to partial order n tasks in a graph and to search it to find a path
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79. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Lecture Outline
Types of Context and Context Properties
Context Aware Life Cycle
Context Adaptation
Spatial-Awareness
Mobile User Context Awareness: Call Routing
Content Adaptation for Mobile Terminals
Temporal awareness
Composite Context Awareness 
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

80. Composite Context Awareness for Mobile Users
Mobility context awareness is a good example of composite context adaptation.
Spatial awareness is used to adapt activities with respect to their locality.
Information retrieval from remote sources can be personalised to users’ preferences.
ICT context-awareness is useful for mobile users so that it adapts remotely accessed content so that it fits better the characteristics of mobile access devices and better fits the bandwidth available in the local wireless access loop.
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81. Composite Context Awareness for Mobile Users: Applications
Navigation
Automatic annotation of local recordings in the field
Filtered content for mobile users w.r.t.
But what order to do the individual context adaptation in?
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82. Context Composition Example: CRUMPET Project System
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83. CRUMPET Project System
CRUMPET, Creation of User-friendly Mobile services PErsonalised for Tourism, EU FP5 Project system is an example of a composite context adaptation application.
In this system, tourism information services such as maps, routes and sight recommendations can be adapted to a spatial context that pertains to the current location, the personal context of a service uses, the network context and the terminal context,
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84. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
The CRUMPE T System
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85. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
CRUMPET Multi-Agent System Architecture
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction 4 6 4

86. Composite Context Awareness: CRUMPET System
Particular ordering of context-aware adaptation follows.
Users’ access terminal profile of memory & display capabilities is exchanged with system during session start
Localisation is for example used twice
Current position of a user can be used to constrain a user's request and to further filter the relevant information.
Unless the relevant location is specified explicitly, user gets information relevant for his or her current spatial context.
user’s movements within region can indicate their interests.
E.g., a user visits a number of old churches, then he or she is probably interested in churches and perhaps also other historic buildings in this town, like an old city hall.
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87. Composite Context Awareness: CRUMPET System
Users generate a lot of potential events of interest as they move.
These can be exploited for user modelling & to detect & anticipate relevant user interests.
Hence, the combined location and personal model context can be used to such as get me a map of things of interest at a location.
This is an example of environment context composition in which one type of context (location) may be used to determine another type of context (personal preferences) based upon a user context policy.
Finally, the network profile based upon monitoring the performance of the local mobile terminal to access node, the content, e.g., a personalised, location-aware map is adapted to the terminal and network profile respectively.
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

88. Composite Context Awareness:
Note the context composition challenges (Revision from Chapter 5 slide set a )
Handling heterogeneity of representation
Handling heterogeneity of meaning
Mediating and coordinating context aggregation
Ordering the adaptation to individual contexts
Different weightings for combining contexts
Handling uncertainty in combining contexts
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89. CRUMPET System Screenshots
Two more examples,
an overview of Heidelberg, with the user position indicated
and map giving directions from the user position to a chosen site.
No more screenshots here, as we have an illustrative demonstration later on.
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90. CRUMPET System Screenshots
Just two examples of screens,
the main menu in Heidelberg, and a list of sites recommended for this user to visit.
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91. CRUMPET System: Fat-client Architecture
This deployment architecture has a larger client-side
Footprint and is suitable for deploying in
high end PDAs and PCs
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92. CRUMPET System: Thin-Client Architecture
This deployment architecture has a very small client-side footprint and is
suitable for deploying in low end PDAs and suitably equipped mobile 'phones
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93. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Lecture Outline
Types of Context and Context Properties 
Context Aware Life Cycle 
Context Adaptation 
Spatial-Awareness 
Mobile User Context Awareness: Call Routing 
Content Adaptation for Mobile Terminals 
Temporal awareness 
Composite Context Awareness 
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction

94. Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
Revision
For each chapter
See book web-site for chapter summaries, references, resources etc.
Identify new terms & concepts
Apply new terms and concepts: define, use in old and new situations & problems
Debate problems, challenges and solutions
See Chapter exercises on web-site
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95. Exercises: Define New Concepts
Context-awareness
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96. Exercise: Applying New Concepts
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