1. Communication 166 Research Methods Dr. Dev Sharma

2. Alternative Knowledge Claim Positions 1.Postpositive 2.Constuctivism 3.Advocacy/Particpatory 4.Pragmatism 1.Postpositive 2.Constuctivism 3.Advocacy/Particpatory 4.Pragmatism

3. Postpositivism -Knowledge is conjectural - Data, evidence, and rational considerations shape knowledge. -Knowledge is conjectural - Data, evidence, and rational considerations shape knowledge.

4. Constructivism -Understanding -Multiple Participant Meanings -Social and Historical Construction -Theory Generation

5. Advocacy/Particpatory -Political -Empowerment issue-oriented -Collaborative -Change-Oriented

6. Progmatism -Consequences of Actions -Problem Centered -Pluralistic -Real-World Practice Oriented

7. Alternative Knowledge Claims: Starting a knowledge claim means that researchers start a project with certain assumptions about: HOW THEY WILL LEARN/ WHAT THEY WILL LEARN/ WHAT THEY WILL LEARN DURIN THE INQUIRY

8. Postpositive Knowledge Claims: This position is sometimes called the “scientific method” or doing “science” research. Postpositivism reflects a deterministic philosophy in which causes probably determine effects or outcomes.

9. Socially Constructed Knowledge Claims: Meanings are constructed by human beings as they engage with the world they are interpreting. The basic generation of meaning is always social, arising in and out of interaction w/ a human community. Qualitative Research is largely inductive

10. Advocacy/Participatory Knowledge Claims: Knowledge claims through an advocacy/partipatory approach Within these knowledge claims are stances for groups and individuals in society that may be marginalized claims. Participatory action is recursive or dialectal and is focused on bringing about change in practices.

11. Pragmatic Knowledge Claims: Pragmatism is not committed to any one system of philosophy and reality. Pragmatics do not see the world as an absolute unity. These people believe that we need to stop asking questions about reality and the laws of nature.

12. Research Methods: A Quantitative approach is on in which the investigator primarily uses postpositivist claims for developing knowledge. A mixed methods approach is one in which the researcher tends to base knowledge claims on pragmatic grounds.