2. Plant Anatomy
Also known as Micromprphology of plants and plant- or vegetable-histology, is concerned with the microscopic structure of the tissues, cells and organs of plants.

3. Plant tissues
A tissue is a group of coherent cells having similar form and function and have common origin.
Tissues are classified according to stage of development to:
Meristematic tissue: the cells have the ability of division.
Mature (permanent): the cells lost the power of division.

4. Meristematic tissue They characterized by:
1- Thin walled Isodiametric.
3- With dense cytoplasm.
4- With large nucleus.
5- Have proplastides.
6- No intercellular spaces.
7- No vacuole or presence of minute ones.
8- No reserve food materials.

5. Classification of meristems
Apical meristems: located at the growing points of stems and roots e.g. those present in stem and root apices.
Intercalary meristems: present between two permanent zone, present at base of internodes e.g. sugarcane and maize.
Lateral meristems: present laterally and cause increase in diameter of plant.

6. Different types of mature tissues
1- Parenchyma 2- Collenchyma
3- Sclerenchyma 4- Epidermis
5- Endodermis 6- Pericycle
7- Cork (phellem) 8- Laticiferous tissue
9- Sieve tissue 10- Tracheary tissue
11- Vascular tissue 12- Secretory structures
13-Nectaries

7. 1- Parenchyma Characters: 1- Simple living cells.
2- Have primary cellulosic thin wall with simple pits.
3- Have intercellular spaces.
4- They may be elongated, isodiametric or lobed.

8. Occurrence:
1- In cortex and pith of stems and roots.
2- Associated with xylem and phloem.
3- In leaves and fruits.
Function:
1- In aeration.
2- In photosynthesis.
3- Storage of water, protein, minerals, etc..
4- May become meristematic and divide.

9. 2- Collenchyma Characters: 1- Simple living tissue.
2- Have primary cellulosic thick wall with simple pits.
3- May have intercellular spaces.
4- They are elongated cells.

10. Types:
Lamellar: thickening on tangential walls.
Angular: thickening on angles between the cells.
Lacunar: thickening on walls facing the intercellular spaces.

11. Occurrence:
1- Under epidermis of stems.
2- Cortical tissue and pericycle of leaves.
Function:
They are plastic tissue used for mechanical support of soft plants.

12. 3- Sclerenchyma
They are dead cells when mature with thick secondary walls, they are elastic tissue used for mechanical support. Sclerenchyma has two types; fibres and sclereids.

13. A- Fibres
They are dead cells have pitted walled with narrow Lumina and pointed apices, xylary fibres are lignified while extraxylary fibres may be lignified or non-lignified.

15. B- Sclereids
They are dead cells short, isodiametric, elongated or branched thick walled, pitted, lignified with branched lumina.