1. Emulsion Readout -Present and Future- Toshiyuki Nakano 2008.1.24 Emulsion Workshop, Nagoya, Japan

2. Nuclear Emulsion Film ・ Very high spatial resolution. ・ Possible to record MIP’s tracks “OPERA film” is uniform, refreshable and mass producible. ~100,000m 2 are used in OPERA Protection coat ： 1  m Emulsion ： 44  m Film base ： 205  m （ TAC ） Emulsion:44  m 乾板断面図 （電顕写真） Cross section 125mm 100m m 10  m

3. Digitizing Nuclear Emulsion Films Film base 200-800  m Microscope Z-axis Objective lens : 50x ~3  m DOF (effective) Resolution : 512x512 pixels FOV : 160x160  m 2 Eff. Pixel size : ~0.3  m Emulsion （ backside) Typ. 45-100  m Nuclear emulsion film Image sensor Image sensor Emulsion (topside) typ. 45-100  m 160  m Grain Density ~15 (/45  m), FOG>3000 grain(/view) 4×10 12 pixel information in 1 film (in 100×100cm 2, double side coat)

4. Take 16 tomographic images by microscope optics. Shift images to aim at specific angle tracks Sum up 16 images to examine coincidence. Find signal of tracks. Repeats in angle space Invented by K.Niwa in 1974

5. Early Track Selector in 1985 Established by S.Aoki Ref. The Fully Automated Emulsion Analysis System. S. Aoki et al. Published in Nucl.Instrum.Meth.B51:466-472,1990.

6. TS 0.0025 cm 2 /h

7. NTS ~0.08 cm 2 /h

8. UTS 1 cm 2 /h

9. Evolution of the Scanning Power Our code name (device technology) CHORUSDONUTOPERA Speed in cm 2 /h

10. The 1st SUTS (20cm 2 /h) Follow Shot Optics

11. No step and repeat image taking Use Ultra High Speed Camera Max 90views/sec ～ 60cm 2 /h (@50x) –Up to 3k frames per second. Max 90views/sec ～ 60cm 2 /h (@50x) Image taking by follow shot –No step and repeat operation –No step and repeat operation can avoid a mechanical bottleneck. –FOV displacement and Blur are canceled by moving objective lens Optimizing Field of View –120  m×90  m -> 140  m×140  m or more Overcome the Bottle necks of the image acquisition

12. Optics Driven by Piezo D~16.4mm, W~13g Sub-pixel Accuracy High resonant frequency (f res >2kHz)

13. Real-time Image Filtering and Packing Processor Arrange readout segments to lines FIR filters Ring frame buffers Spatial filter and Pixel Packing LVDS Camera Interface LVDS Output Interface Camera In

14. Processing speed : >80cm 2 /h/board SUTS Track recognition board Internal Band width ~40Gbyte/s/FPGA ×11

15. LVDS （ 3+1 ）  2 240Mbyte/sec (2.5 msec/view) 32bit Bi-directional FIFO Host interface SLAVE FPGAs Calculating Overlayed Image 0.125msec/view/angle/FPGA Power PC 405  2 Control and Clustering S-UTS Track Recognition Block diagram (revised) Block SRAM High band width and Fine Granularity 21.6GByte/sec or more ＰＰ Ｃ ＳＲＡ Ｍ ＰＰ Ｃ ＳＲＡ Ｍ ＰＰ Ｃ ＳＲＡ Ｍ ＰＰ Ｃ ＳＲＡ Ｍ ＰＰ Ｃ ＳＲＡ Ｍ Rocket IO  20 4Gbyte/sec From Camera Image-Pre-Processor Local Control BUS ＰＰ Ｃ ＳＲＡ Ｍ ＰＰ Ｃ ＳＲＡ Ｍ MASTER FPGA Reordering Packed Image Controlling Slaves

16. S-UTS data flow Raw data Data Base 150~ 300MB/s 2~10MB/s High Speed Camera 3,000 frame/s Front end image processor Zero suppression, pixel packing Track recognition Alignment and Connect tracks 2~10MB/s~0.1MB/s Physics Analysis 1.3GB/s Temporary storage PC

17. 10cm 12.5cm Outputs of S-UTS ~ 140 Million tracks Pos. reprod. ： （ 15 mrad ） Ang. reprod. ： （ 0.6 micron ） Vector Information ： POS,ANG,DARK

18. Efficiency @50views/sec, ×35 objective lens SUTS-3 72cm 2 /h

19. Micro track angle resolution

20. Reproducibility of Base Track Angle 3.7mrad/  2 2.1mrad/  2

22. Limited by processing power Simulated by scanning twice and combining Recoverable Efficiency @50views/sec, ×28 objective lens SUTS-3 121cm 2 /h Under tuning

23. 35× 28× Micro track angle resolution SUTS-3

24. Prospects for improvements of SUTS Enlarging FOV - 28x is under tuning. 121cm 2 /h will be possible. Shorten repetition time - 50views/s w 35x, 60view/s w 50x. Imager accept up to 90views/s. Bidirectional scanning to increase effective speed. - 8 sec/line to scan, 3 sec to return back to the next line. 55cm 2 /h : 72cm 2 /h   ~76% A factor of 2-3 improvement is expected

25. Evolution of the SUTS Speed in cm 2 /h VERSION of SUTS In practical use In tuning phase

26. Concept to the next evolution of emulsion scanning.

27. The EX-F1 will be available from March 2008 priced at $999.99. Pricing varies depending upon specifications and options ordered, but ranges between $3.5M and $4M ＋ 1 film/min

28. IC-Stepper (Lithographic system) Resolution 350nm or better NA0.63 Exposure light sourcei-line (365nm) Reduction ratio1:5 Exposure field22mm square to 17.9 (H)  25.2 (V)mm Alignment accuracy40nm or better It is possible, by stepping only 5  6 times, to cover entire sheet with enough resolution.

29. Giga Pixel Imaging System Requirements Total number of pixels should be ten to the ninth power – To cover 20mm  20mm in 0.5  m pitch, it needs 40k  40k pixels. The frame rate should be 12fps in average. – Pixel rate becomes ~20Gpixels/sec It is possible by employing a mosaic imager

30. Giga Pixel Imaging System (2) IMX017CQE (SONY) is a good candidate of this purpose Pixel size2.5  m Resolution2880×2160 Frame rate 60fps Pixel rate373Mpixel/s is priced at $999.99

31. Speed and Coverage of Mosaic Imager  20mm Effective FOV21.55×20.9 mm 2 ×0.28 (1450×1100  m 2 ×80) Effective pixel size0.5  m Repetition time1.5 sec /16depth/fullarea (4 steps/view) Max. scan speed12000cm 2 /h (150cm 2 /h×80)

32. Possibility of track recognition part An SUTS processor can perform ~100cm 2 /h  Its is possible, with ~120 boards, to process emulsion images taken by this optics. According to Moore’s law, we can expected much better computing technology, which is lower cost, smaller profile and low power consumption.  SUTS processor is based on 0.13um process. Since 0.065um process is popular now, ¼ foot print and 2 times faster speed a unit will be possible. It’s NOT a problem.

33. Summary A scanning speed of ~72cm 2 /h has been achieved in practical use. 121cm 2 /h version is under tuning phase. It is possible, with the popular technologies, to achieve a scanning speed up to 1 film per minute.