1. Motor cortical areas: the homunculus The motor system

2. Major Cortical areas involved in planning and execution of “purposeful” movements

3. Directional Tuning of MI Cells Movement onset (Georgopoulos et al 1982) P.D.

4. Set related responses in Pre-motor Cortex Prepare LEFT movementPrepare RIGHT movement

5. Mirror neurons Rizzolatti et al., 1996

6. Basic properties of the Mirror Neurons Rizzolatti et al. 1996

7. A multimodal representation of action

8. Mirror neurons in the Parietal cortex: Intention understanding?

9. Mirror neurons show the same specificity when actions are preformed by the experimenter

12. What is represented by the MN? Actions or goals? Hand unit210unit199 Umlita et al., 2008 closure opening

13. The mirror system – abstract representation of movement goals? Recordings from 37 mirror neurons in F5 in a “hidden action” paradigm 19/37 mirror neurons responded significantly in the hidden condition. 7/19 – strong responses (hidden=visual) (Umilta et al., 2001). Full vision Hidden vision

14. The mirror system in humans

15. Cortical activation during observation of mouth hand and foot action

16. Shmuelof & Zohary 2006 Viewed-Hand identity effects in parietal cortex

17. Visual and motor hand areas in the human parietal cortex

18. Specificity of visually defined “hand areas” to motor actions

19. Human mirror system Dinstein, J. Neuroscience (2008) Execute d Observe d fMRI response

20. Selectivity

21. FistHang loose Thumbs up The finger Hang loose mirror neuron The finger mirror neuron

22. Monkey mirror neurons Gallese, Brain (1996)

23. A deeper understanding of “mirror like voxels”

24. Mirror neurons should show cross-modal adaptation Mirror regions should be active both during viewing action and motor action

25. Adaptation First presentation Repeated presentation

26. Movement selective adaptation RepeatsNon-repeats

27. Visual adaptation Observe RepeatsNon-repeats

28. Motor adaptation Execute RepeatsNon-repeats

29. Cross-modal adaptation ExecuteObserveExecuteObserve RepeatsNon-repeats

30. Cross-modal adaptation ObserveExecuteObserveExecute RepeatsNon-repeats

31. Rock paper scissors Dinstein 2008 Get extra $10 if you win more than you lose!

32. Game Timeline Observe Time

33. Execute Time Game Timeline Observe

34. RepeatNon-repeat Execute Time Game Timeline Observe

35. RepeatNon-repeat Execute Time Game Timeline Observe

36. RepeatNon-repeat Execute Time Game Timeline Observe

37. RepeatNon-repeat Execute Time Game Timeline Observe

38. RepeatNon-repeat Execute Time Game Timeline Observe

39. RepeatNon-repeat Execute Time Game Timeline

40. Visual adaptation Green: observed non-repeat > repeat Mirror system areas

41. Motor adaptation Purple: executed non-repeat > repeat Mirror system areas

42. Motor & visual adaptation Yellow: overlap of motor and visual adaptation Mirror system areas

43. Motor & visual adaptation Yellow: overlap of motor and visual adaptation No cross modal adaptation Mirror system areas

44. ROI Analysis

45. Adaptation summary 1.Selectivity for movements in “Mirror system” areas. 2.Adaptation may be taking place in a single population of mirror neurons and/or in two separate populations of visual and motor neurons adapting independently. 3.We now have a way of studying movement selective responses; the critical feature of neural populations involved in movement perception. Dinstein J. Neurophysiology 2007

46. Classification Typical mirror region = ~ 300 voxels ExecutedObserved fMRI response

47. Classification Executed fMRI response No specificity in the overall fMRI signal (across voxels)

48. Classification Specificity in the fMRI signal (within voxels)

49. Movement selective patterns StrongWeak Activation level

50. Are patterns distinct & reproducible? Trial #1 …. Execute Trial #2 Trial #3 Trial #4

51. Are patterns distinct & reproducible? Trial #1 …. Observe Trial #2 Trial #3 Trial #4

52. Classify movement patterns Decoding accuracy R P S Execute d Observe d R P S Primary motor & somatosensory

53. Classify movement patterns Decoding accuracy R P S Execute d Observe d R P S Early visual areas

54. Classify movement patterns Decoding accuracy R P S Execute d Observe d R P S Ventral premotor

55. Classify movement patterns Decoding accuracy LeftRight R P S Execute d Observe d Execute d Observe d Anterior intraparietal sulcus

56. Different patterns across modalities Executed to observed Observed to executed R P S Left aIPSRight aIPS

57. Execute Different patterns across modalities Observe