1. The Architecture of Infraspecific Differentiation: A Case Study in Astragalus lentiginosus (Fabaceae). Brian J. Knaus Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University Rich Cronn Pacific Northwest Research Station USDA Forest Service, PNW Aaron Liston Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University

2. Why study infra-taxa? Variation increases, leading to divergence. C.R. DarwinR.A. Fisher W.L. Brown Jr. & E.O. Wilson Polytopic races, naming implies a discrete nature. E.W. Mayer Subspecies are geographic races, but this diversity needs to be recorded.

3. Questions: 1.Is there a need for infra-taxa? is there a ‘profound’ amount of diversity that justifies subdivision below the level of species? 2.Do infra-taxa have ‘natural’ breaks? 3.Is there an optimal number of infra-taxa?

4. FamilyScientific NameInfra-rankcount FabaceaeAstragalus lentiginosusvar.35 PolygonaceaeEriogonum umbellatumvar.30 AsteraceaeEricameria nauseosassp. & var.22 AsteraceaeHymenopappus filifoliusvar.13 MalvaceaeSidalcea malviflorassp.13 PolygonaceaeEriogonum nudumvar.13 AsteraceaeEricameria parryivar.12 AsteraceaeEriophyllum lanatumvar.12 BrassicaceaeLepidium montanumvar.12 AsteraceaeAchillea millefoliumvar.11 CaryophyllaceaeArenaria congestavar.11 FabaceaeTrifolium longipesssp.11 RosaceaePotentilla glandulosassp.11

5. Variety Rydberg’s SectionsDistribution Barneby's Sample Barneby's Specimens Current Sample A. l. var. borreganusCoulterianawidespread31419 A. l. var. coachellaeCoulterianaendemic34220 A. l. var. kennedyiCoulterianawidespread31319 A. l. var. palansCoulterianawidespread40920 A. l. var. variabilisCoulterianawidespread114921 A. l. var. araneosusDiphysawidespread39820 A. l. var. chartaceusDiphysawidespread55810 A. l. var. diphysusDiphysawidespread661016 A. l. var. floribundusLentiginosawidespread26214 A. l. var. fremontiiLentiginosawidespread1011421 A. l. var. ineptusLentiginosaendemic23221 A. l. var. lentiginosusLentiginosawidespread73313 A. l. var. salinusLentiginosawidespread801020 A. l. var. scorpionisLentiginosaendemic26110 14 varieties73985244

7. CharacterUnits Floral peduncle length0.5 mm Fl axis in fruit0.5 mm keel length(mm)0.5 mm calyx tooth length0.5 mm calyx tube length0.5 mm Fruit pod length0.5 mm pod height0.5 mm pod valve thickness0.01 mm beak length0.5 mm Vegetative Stem internode length0.5 mm Leaf rachis length0.5 mm Leaf petiole length0.5 mm Leaflet numbern > 7 Leaflet width0.5 mm Leaflet length0.5 mm 5 Floral 4 Fruit 6 Vegetative 15 characters All Continuous

8. Questions: 1.Is there a need for infra-taxa? is there a ‘profound’ amount of diversity that justifies subdivision below the level of species? 2.Do infra-taxa have ‘natural’ breaks? 3.Is there an optimal number of infra-taxa?

9. A.l. var. australisA.l. var. borreganusA.l. var. coachellaeA.l. var. lentiginosusA.l. var. salinusA.l. var. variabilis Gree n Grey A.l. var. lentiginosus A.l. var. australisA.l. var. borreganus WhitePurple

10. Monthly (1971-2000) PRISM data from Daly et al. (2002). 11.5° C ~20 ° C (36 ° F) Mean Monthly Temperature Day Degrees Celsius Death Valley, CA Max PRISM value Gros Ventre Range, WY min PRISM value

11. Questions: 1.Is there a need for infra-taxa? is there a ‘profound’ amount of diversity that justifies subdivision below the level of species? 2.Do infra-taxa have ‘natural’ breaks? 3.Is there an optimal number of infra-taxa?

12. Discriminant Function Analysis to Distinguish Barneby’s varieties. Color represents Rydberg’s sections. Only MorphologyMorphology with Latitude and Longitude DF 2 DF 1 & 3

14. Questions: 1.Is there a need for infra-taxa? is there a ‘profound’ amount of diversity that justifies subdivision below the level of species? 2.Do infra-taxa have ‘natural’ breaks? 3.Is there an optimal number of infra-taxa?

15. Barneby’s 14 varieties Rydberg’s 3 sections (includes A.l. var. palans) How Many Groups? K-means Clustering: 4 methods

16. Conclusions: 1.Is there a need for infra-taxa? A. lentiginosus contains an ‘unreasonable’ amount of morphological diversity. 2.Do infra-taxa have ‘natural’ breaks? There are no clear breaks – existing taxonomy is ‘good.’ Aspire toward stability in taxonomy. 3.Is there an optimal number of infra-taxa? Varieties are clinal in nature and can be divided into multiple, equally good groupings.

17. Thank you!!! Richard Halse (OSC) arranged for herbarium loans and provided support in the herbarium. Specimens: BRY, JEPS, NESH, NY, ORE, OSC, POM, RENO, RM, RSA, UC and WILLU. Nancy Mandel and Randy Johnson (USDA FS, PNW) provided help with statistical analyses. Chris Poklemba (USDA FS, PNW) helped with propagation of A. lentiginosus at the Corvallis FSL.

18. Looking for a Postdoc? Starting 2008 Brian J. Knaus Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University http://oregonstate.edu/~knausbknausb@science.oregonstate.edu

21. Residual standard error: 1.833 on 261 degrees of freedom Multiple R-Squared: 0.3229, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3203 F-statistic: 124.5 on 1 and 261 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16 EstimateStd. Errort valuePr(>|t|) (Intercept)-11.37681.0259-11.09<2e-16 IV2.08280.186711.16<2e-16 Does Morphology Have Natural Breaks? PC 1 vs. ln Annual Precipitation R 2 = 32% p<< 0.05

22. Residual standard error: 1.43 on 209 degrees of freedom Multiple R-Squared: 0.1407, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1366 F-statistic: 34.23 on 1 and 209 DF, p-value: 1.872e-08 EstimateStd. Errort valuePr(>|t|) (Intercept)-2.3632740.387174-6.1044.96e-09 IV0.0101440.0017345.8501.87e-08 Does Morphology Have Natural Breaks? PC 2 vs. Frost Free Days R 2 = 14% p<< 0.05

23. Principle Components Analysis (correlational matrix) of Barneby’s varieties. Color represents Rydberg’s sections. PC 2 PC 1 & 3

24. Conclusions: –Is there a need for infra-taxa? A. lentiginosus contains an ‘unreasonable’ amount of morphological diversity.

25. How Many Groups? Maximum Likelihood Analysis of Optimal Cluster Number Greatest BIC is flat! 1.Spherical, equal volume 2.Spherical, unequal volume 3.Diagonal equal volume, equal shape 4.Diagonal varying volume, varying shape 5.Ellipsoidal, equal volume, shape and orientation. 6.Ellipsoidal, varying volume, shape and orientation