1. A fistful of Astragalus: incipient speciation in the American West? Brian J. Knaus 1 Rich Cronn 2 Aaron Liston 1 1 Oregon State University, Botany & Plant Pathology 2 USDA Forest Service PNW

2. 11ssp.Potentilla glandulosaRosaceae 11ssp.Trifolium longipesFabaceae 11var.Arenaria congestaCaryophyllaceae 11var.Achillea millefoliumAsteraceae 12var.Lepidium montanumBrassicaceae 12var.Eriophyllum lanatumAsteraceae 12var.Ericameria parryiAsteraceae 13var.Eriogonum nudumPolygonaceae 13ssp.Sidalcea malvifloraMalvaceae 13var.Hymenopappus filifoliusAsteraceae 22ssp. & var.Ericameria nauseosaAsteraceae 30var.Eriogonum umbellatumPolygonaceae 35var.Astragalus lentiginosusFabaceae countInfra-rankScientific NameFamily USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS database (http://plants.usda.gov, 11 Nov. 2006), National Plant Data Center, Baton Rogue, LA 70874-4490 USA.

3. Datasets: Chloroplast simple sequence repeats. 1.Taxonomic hypothesis. 2.IBD hypothesis. Coalescence simulation (to propose an explanation for the empirical dataset). 1.Deme size and mutation rate. 2.Time since divergence.

4. 4 sections 32 varieties 68 populations 273 individuals CpSSR Sample

5. Neighbor-Joining Tree 5 CpSSR markers Pairwise distance 4 sections 32 varieties 68 populations 273 individuals 57 A. lentiginosus haplotypes

6. Neighbor-Joining Tree 5 CpSSR markers Pairwise distance 4 sections 32 varieties 68 populations 273 individuals 57 A. lentiginosus haplotypes

7. “I think we chose a plant for the reasons one chooses a friend, not for splendor of apparel or purity of profile, but for character and individuality.” -Rupert Barneby, of gardening with Dwight. “Ta ta, Dwighteen! And you, Miss Parish, may radioactive daydreams nourish!” -Rupert Barneby, of Cymoteris ripleyi and Phacelia parishii. Nuclear testing began at the Nevada Test Site in 1951. Pugillus Astragalorum I-XX (a fistful of Astragalus)

8. Geneland K = 7 Hierarchical Bayesian analysis including x and y as parameters (Only A. lentiginosus)

9. 5 haploid SSR loci. Demes of equal size. Sample matching empirical dataset: n= 113, 35, 97, 28. No migration. Stepwise mutation model. One chromosome, one linkage block (e.g., chloroplast, mitochondrion, Y chromosome). 1,000 simulated datasets per parameter set. Simcoal 2.1.2 Coalescent Simulation. Parameters of interest: Deme size? Mutation rate (µ)? Time since divergence = 10,000 generations.

10. Mutation Rate Deme size10^-410^-510^-610^-7 10^3191.169.812.52.6 10^4259.2188.951.08.4 10^5271.7259.9156.634.2 Parameters of interest: Deme size ≈ 100,000. Mutation rate (µ) ≈ 0.000 01. Time since divergence =10,000. Mean Number of Haplotypes

11. Parameters of interest: Deme size = 100,000. Mutation rate (µ) = 0.00001 Time since divergence =??? 1,000 simulated datasets per parameter set.

12. Generations since divergence =100 Majority rule NJ tree Euclidean distance

13. Generations since divergence =1,000 Majority rule NJ tree Euclidean distance

14. Generations since divergence =10,000 Majority rule NJ tree Euclidean distance

15. Generations since divergence = 100,000 Majority rule NJ tree Euclidean distance

16. Generations since divergence = 400,000 Majority rule NJ tree Euclidean distance

17. Generations since divergence = 500,000 Majority rule NJ tree Euclidean distance

18. Generations since divergence = 1,000,000 Majority rule NJ tree Euclidean distance

20. F ST ’ F ST Generations F ST

21. Conclusions A. lentiginosus as a species appears to be retaining ancestral haplotypes, a process which slows cladogenesis. CpSSRs do not support the taxonomic hypothesis. CpSSRs do not support IBD hypothesis. Coalescence simulation proposes an explanation for a finding of ‘no pattern.’ Assuming: 1.Lack of genetic bottlenecks. 2.Large ancestral population size. 3.Large contemporary population size. 4.Expanding populations.

23. Funding: USDA FS PNW Research Station NPSO field research grant Nevada Native Plant Society Hardman Foundation Bonnie C. Templeton Award Cronn Lab (USDA FS) Dr. Matt Horning Rebecca Huot Sue Huber Angie Rodriguez Nancy Mandel Dr. Randy Johnson Chris Poklemba Dr. Brad St.Clair Liston Lab (OSU BPP) Dr. Richard Halse Drs. Ken & Henny Chambers Dr. John Syring Dr. Ann Wilyard Paul Severns Matt Parks Jason Alexander (leaf tissue) Dr. Nahla Bassil (USDA ARS) Wambui Njuguna April Nyberg Dr. Bruce McCune (OSU BPP) Dr. Sarah Jovan Heather Lintz Dr. Emily Holt Heather Root