1. Significant effects of second KK particles on LKP dark matter physics Mitsuru Kakizaki (Bonn Univ. & ICRR, Univ. of Tokyo) Mitsuru Kakizaki (Bonn Univ. & ICRR, Univ. of Tokyo) 12 May, 2006 @ Bielefeld Univ. Collaborated with Shigeki Matsumoto (KEK) Yoshio Sato (Saitama U.) Masato Senami (ICRR) Refs: PRD 71 (2005) 123522 [hep-ph/0502059] NPB 735 (2006) 84 [hep-ph/0508283]

2. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki2 1. Motivation 1. Motivation Non-baryonic cold dark matter [http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov] What is the constituent of dark matter? Weakly interacting massive particles are good candidates: Lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) in supersymmetric (SUSY) models Lightest Kaluza-Klein particle (LKP) in universal extra dimension (UED) models etc. Today’s topic Observations of cosmic microwave background structure of the universe etc.

3. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki3 Outline In universal extra dimension (UED) models, Kaluza-Klein (KK) dark matter physics is drastically affected by 2 nd KK particles Reevaluation of relic density of KK dark matter including coannihilation and resonance effects Dark matter particle mass consistent with WMAP increases In universal extra dimension (UED) models, Kaluza-Klein (KK) dark matter physics is drastically affected by 2 nd KK particles Reevaluation of relic density of KK dark matter including coannihilation and resonance effects Dark matter particle mass consistent with WMAP increases 1.Motivation 2.Universal extra dimension (UED) models 3.Relic abundance of KK dark matter 4.Resonance in KK dark matter annihilation 5.Including various coannihilation processes 6.Summary

4. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki4 2. Universal extra dimension (UED) models Idea: All SM particles propagate in flat compact spatial extra dimensions [Appelquist, Cheng, Dobrescu, PRD64 (2001) 035002] Dispersion relation: Momentum along the extra dimension = Mass in four-dimensional viewpoint In case of compactification with radius, Mass spectrum for is quantized Momentum conservation in the extra dimension Conservation of KK number in each vertex Macroscopic Microscopic Magnify

5. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki5 Conservation of KK parity [+ (--) for even (odd) ] The lightest KK particle (LKP) is stable The LKP is a good candidate for dark matter c.f. R-parity and LSP In order to obtain chiral fermions at zeroth KK level, the extra dimension is compactified on an orbifold Constraints from electroweak measurements are weak: Minimal UED model Only two new parameters in the MUED model: : Size of extra dimension : Scale at which boundary terms vanish [Flacke, Hooper, March-Russel, PRD73 (2006)] [Appelquist, Cheng, Dobrescu (2001); Appelquist, Yee, PRD67 (2003)] : Inclusion of 2-loop SM contributions and LEP2 data More fundamental theory

6. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki6 Mass spectra of KK states KK modes are degenerate in mass at each KK level: [From Cheng, Matchev, Schmaltz, PRD 036005 (2002)] Radiative corrections relax the degeneracy Lightest KK Particle (LKP): Next to LKP: 1 st KK singlet leptons: 1-loop corrected mass spectrum at the first KK level Compactification  5D Lor. inv. Orbifolding  Trans. Inv. in 5th dim. 1 st KK Higgs bosons (for larger )

7. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki7 3. Relic abundance of KK dark matter After the annihilation rate dropped below the expansion rate, the number density per comoving volume is almost fixed Generic picture Increasing Decoupling Thermal equilibrium Dark matter particles were in thermal equilibrium in the early universe [Servant, Tait, NPB 650 (2003) 391] Co-moving number density Only tree level diagrams are considered Relic abundance of the LKP Including coannihilation Without coannihilation 3 flavors

8. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki8 4. Resonance in KK dark matter annihilation (Incident energy of two LKPs) Dark matter particles were non-relativistic when they decoupled (Masses of 2 nd KK modes) LKPs annihilate through s-channel 2 nd KK Higgs boson exchange at loop level Mass splitting in MUED: The annihilation cross section is enhanced

9. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki9 Thermal average of annihilation cross section for LKP Smaller The averaged cross section becomes maximum at later time The maximum value is larger

10. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki10 Relic abundance of the LKP (without coannihilation) 2 nd KK modes play an important role in calculations of the relic density of the LKP The resonance effect raises the LKP mass consistent with the WMAP data The --resonance in annihilation effectively reduces the number density of dark matter

11. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki11 --resonance effect in : sizable Coannihilation with 1 st KK singlet leptons Evolution of dark matter abundance [Three flavors: ] --resonance effect in : relatively small We can systematically survey 2nd KK--resonance effects No 2nd KK--resonance in The abundance falls below the tree level result after decoupling

12. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki12 Allowed mass region Including resonance Tree level results Charged LKP region

13. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki13 5. Including various coannihilation processes [Burnell, Kribs, PRD73(2006); Kong, Matchev, JHEP0601(2006)] 1 st KK mass spectrum is rather degenerate [From Kong, Matchev, JHEP0601(2006)]] WMAP Disfavored by EWPT In MUED, inclusion of full coannihilation processes lowers Resonance effects may shift the allowed mass scale In MUED, inclusion of full coannihilation processes lowers Resonance effects may shift the allowed mass scale Relic abundance including coannihilation processes with all level one KK particles (ignoring resonance effects) Inclusion of coannihilation modes with all 1 st KK particles changes the abundance

14. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki14 Efficient coannihilation processes through strong Higgs coupling [Matsumoto, Senami, PLB633(2006)] [From Matsumoto, Senami, PLB633(2006)] Coannihilation effect with 1 st KK Higgs bosons efficiently decrease the LKP abundance Dependence of the LKP relic abundance on the Higgs mass (ignoring resonance effects) WMAP Larger Higgs mass (larger Higgs self--coupling) Mass degeneracy between 1 st KK Higgs bosons and the LKP in MUED of 1 TeV is compatible with the observation of the abundance Larger annihilation cross sections for the 1 st KK Higgs bosons

15. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki15 6. Summary UED models provide a viable dark matter candidate: (Masses of 2 nd KK particles) The lightest Kaluza-Klein particle (LKP) We evaluate the relic abundance of the LKP including resonance and coannihilation with the 1 st KK singlet leptons, and find the allowed compactification scale shifts upward due to the resonance effect (Masses of 1 st KK particles) Annihilation takes place near poles Various coannihilation processes also affect the relic abundance

16. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki16 Backup slides

17. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki17 Positron experiments The HEAT experiment indicated an excess in the positron flux: Future experiments (PAMELA, AMS-02, …) will confirm or exclude the positron excess KK dark matter may explain the excess Unnatural dark matter substructure is required to match the HEAT data in SUSY models [Hooper, Taylor, Silk, PRD69 (2004)] [Hooper, Kribs, PRD70 (2004)]

18. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki18 Mass splitting in the minimal UED model -0.5 % Radiative corrections to 2 nd KK Higgs boson mass: Contour plot of mass splitting is realized in the minimal UED model for a large parameter region Mass splitting: --resonance Small

19. 12 May, 2006Mitsuru Kakizaki19 Including coannihilation with 1 st KK singlet leptons The LKP is nearly degenerate with the 2 nd KK singlet leptons The allowed LKP mass region is lowered due to the coannihilation effect c.f. SUSY models: coannihilation effect raises the allowed LSP mass Coannihilation effect is important Annihilation cross sections