1. 1 Limits to Diversification Assume w i =1/N,  i 2 =  2 and  ij = C  p 2 =N(1/N) 2  2 + (1/N) 2 C(N 2 - N)  p 2 =(1/N)  2 + C - (1/N)C as N   p 2 = C average covariance

2. 2 Presence of Risk free Security R f = risk free rate  2 f = 0 Combining risk free asset and a risky portfolio: E(R p ) = w f E(R f ) + w A E(R A )  p 2 =w A  A 2 AA E(R A ) RfRf

3. 3 Efficient Frontier Efficient frontier Opportunity set  E(R) Efficient Frontier: the upper boundary of the opportunity set

4. 4 Assumptions Investors can choose on the basis of mean-variance criterion –Normal distribution of asset returns or quadratic utility function Investors have homogeneous expectations –planning horizon –distribution of security returns There are no frictions in the capital markets –no transactions costs –no taxes on dividends, capital gains, interest income –Information available at no cost

5. 5 Efficient Frontier with Risk Free Security  E(R) RfRf M M is the market portfolio

6. 6 Risk and Return Capital Market Line: Separation Theorem: The determination of optimal portfolio of risky assets is independent from individual’s risk preferences.

7. 7 Contribution to portfolio risk The risk that an individual stock contributes to the risk of a portfolio depends on: -proportion invested in that stock, w i -its covariance with the portfolio,  iM Therefore, Contribution to risk = w i  iM Ratio of stock i’s contribution to the risk of portfolio: w i  iM /  2 M The ratio  iM /  2 M = beta coefficient

8. 8 Capital Asset Pricing Model E(R M ) - R f = Risk premium on the market E(R i ) - R f = Risk premium on stock i An investor can always obtain a risk premium B A (E(R M ) - R f ) by combining M and the risk free asset. Thus: E(R i ) - R f = B i (E(R M ) - R f ) or E(R i ) = R f + B i (E(R M ) - R f )

9. 9 Security Market Line B E(R) RfRf B M =1 E(R M )