1. Chuanjun Zhang, UC Riverside 1 Using a Victim Buffer in an Application- Specific Memory Hierarchy Chuanjun Zhang*, Frank Vahid** *Dept. of Electrical Engineering Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering University of California, Riverside **Also with the Center for Embedded Computer Systems at UC Irvine This work was supported by the National Science Foundation and the Semiconductor Research Corporation

2. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside 2 Low Power/Energy Techniques are Essential Hot enough to cook an egg. Skadron et al., 30 th ISCA High performance processors are going to be too hot to work Low energy dissipation is imperative for battery-driven embedded systems Low power techniques are essential to both embedded systems and high performance processors

3. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside 3 Caches Consume Much Power >50% Caches consume 50% of total processor system power ARM920T and M*CORE (Segars 01, Lee 99) Caches accessed often Consume dynamic power Associativity reduces misses Less power off-chip, but more power per access Victim buffer helps (Jouppi 90) Add to direct-mapped cache Keep recently evicted lines in small buffer, check on miss Like higher-associativity, but without extra power per access 10% energy savings, 4% performance improvement (Albera 99) Processor Cache Victim buffer Memory

4. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside 4 Victim Buffer With a victim buffer One cycle on a cache hit Two cycles on a victim buffer hit Twenty two cycles on a victim buffer miss Without a victim buffer One cycle on a cache hit Twenty one cycles on a victim buffer miss More accesses to off-chip memory OFFCHIP MEMORY PROCESSOR HIT L1 cache Victim buffer One cycle MISS HIT Miss 22 cycles21 cycles Two cycles

5. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside 5 Cache Architecture with a Configurable Victim Buffer Is a victim buffer a useful configurable cache parameter? Helps for some applications For others, not useful VB misses, so extra cycle wasteful? Thus, want ability to shut off VB for given app. Hardware overhead One bit register A switch Four-line victim buffer shown control signals to the next level memory SRAM tag data SRAM CAM Fully-associative victim buffer 27-bit tag16-byte cache line data VB on/off reg data from next level memory Vdd victim line data to processor to mux from cache control circuit L1 cache cache control circuit control signals s 0 1

6. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside 6 Hit rate of victim buffer when added to an 8 Kbyte, 4 Kbyte, or 2 Kbyte direct-mapped cache Benchmarks from Powerstone, MediaBench, and Spec 2000. Data cache Hit Rate of a Victim Buffer Instruction cache

7. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside 7 Computing Total Memory-Related Energy Consider CPU stall energy and off-chip memory energy Excludes CPU active energy Thus, represents all memory-related energy energy_mem = energy_dynamic + energy_static energy_dynamic = cache_hits * energy_hit + cache_misses * energy_miss energy_miss = energy_offchip_access + energy_uP_stall + energy_cache_block_fill energy_static = cycles * energy_static_per_cycle energy_miss = k_miss_energy * energy_hit energy_static_per_cycle = k_static * energy_total_per_cycle (we varied the k’s to account for different system implementations ) Underlined – measured quantities SimpleScalar (cache_hits, cache_misses, cycles) Our layout or data sheets (others)

8. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside 8 Performance and Energy Benefits of Victim Buffer with a Direct-Mapped Cache An 8-line victim buffer with an 8 Kbyte direct-mapped cache (0%=DM w/o victim buffer) Should shut-off VB Substantial benefit Configurable victim buffer is clearly useful to avoid performance penalty for certain applications

9. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside 9 Is a Configurable Victim Buffer Useful Even With a Configurable Cache We showed that a configurable cache can reduce memory access power by half on average (Zhang/Vahid/Najjar ISCA 03, ISVLSI 03) Software-configurable cache Associativity – 1, 2 or 4 ways Size: 2, 4 or 8 Kbytes Does that configurability subsume usefulness of configurable victim buffer? Line 2 Kb way

10. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside 10 Best Configurable Cache with VB Configurations Optimal cache configuration when cache associativity, cache size, and victim buffer are all configurable. I and D stands for instruction cache and data cache, respectively. V stands for the victim buffer is on. nK stands for the cache size is n Kbyte. The associativity is represented by the last four characters Benchmark vpr, I2D1 stands for two- way instruction cache and direct- mapped data cache. Note that sometimes victim buffer should be on, sometimes off

11. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside 11 Performance and Energy Benefits of Victim Buffer Added to a Configurable Cache An 8-line victim buffer with a configurable cache, whose associativity, size, and line size are configurable (0%=optimal config. without VB) Still surprisingly effective

12. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside 12 Conclusion Configurable victim buffer useful with direct-mapped cache As much as 60% energy and 4% performance improvements for some applications Can shut off to avoid performance penalty on other apps. Configurable victim buffer also useful with configurable cache As much as 43% energy and 8% performance improvement for some applications Can shut off to avoid performance overhead on other applications Configurable victim buffer should be included as a software- configurable parameter to direct-mapped as well as configurable caches for embedded system architectures