1. Diploma in Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector Curriculum Design and Development (Unit 7 )

2. Aim: To enable the learner to understand and apply the contexts, for education and training in the Lifelong Learning Sector, of the impact of theories, principles and models of curriculum design and development. To enable the learner to understand and apply the contexts, for education and training in the Lifelong Learning Sector, of the impact of theories, principles and models of curriculum design and development.

3. Objectives: By the end of this module, delegates you will have: reviewed and considered the contexts in which education and training are provided in the Lifelong Learning Sector and analysed ways in which the delivery of curriculum can vary according to the context in which it is provided. reviewed and considered the contexts in which education and training are provided in the Lifelong Learning Sector and analysed ways in which the delivery of curriculum can vary according to the context in which it is provided. described different theories, principles and models of curriculum design and be able to explain how they apply to your own curriculum area. described different theories, principles and models of curriculum design and be able to explain how they apply to your own curriculum area. analysed and evaluated your own curriculum and suggested ways to develop and improve that curriculum. analysed and evaluated your own curriculum and suggested ways to develop and improve that curriculum. evaluated your own practice and be able to suggest how this may be improved in relation to curriculum design and development. evaluated your own practice and be able to suggest how this may be improved in relation to curriculum design and development.

4. What do you want to take away by the end of these two-days relating to curriculum design and development?

5. “subjects comprising an integrated course of study” (Oxford English Dictionary, 2010) “subjects comprising an integrated course of study” (Oxford English Dictionary, 2010) a set of courses constituting an area of specialisation. a set of courses constituting an area of specialisation. “it is in a curriculum that accumulated knowledge, skills and attitudes about the past and present are combined with predictive assumptions about the future to produce an ordered outline of things to be taught and learnt in schooling” “it is in a curriculum that accumulated knowledge, skills and attitudes about the past and present are combined with predictive assumptions about the future to produce an ordered outline of things to be taught and learnt in schooling” (Connel, 1972) It is synonymous with ‘course of study’ and ‘syllabus’ It is synonymous with ‘course of study’ and ‘syllabus’ What is “curriculum”? Curriculum is:

6. Curriculum originally meant “course”, as in a running/chariot track in ancient Greece. Definition of curriculum:

7. “The curriculum is a design PLAN for learning that requires the purposeful and proactive organisation, sequencing and management of the interactions among the teacher, the students and the content we want students to acquire.” (anon. n.d.) My favourite definition of curriculum:

8. Content Content Teaching and learning methods Teaching and learning methods Resources Resources Assessment Strategy Assessment Strategy Evaluation Evaluation Curriculum components:

9. Evidence of planning (on a variety of scales) for student learning. Evidence of planning (on a variety of scales) for student learning. Statements of what is to be learned Statements of what is to be learned Indicators of how it is to be learned Indicators of how it is to be learned Pointers as to the outcomes of this learning Pointers as to the outcomes of this learning Some key issues in defining curriculum: /

10. Statements on the role of learners in all this Statements on the role of learners in all this Explanation about the vision behind the curriculum Explanation about the vision behind the curriculum Some dissemination or publication showing the public nature of the formal curriculum Some dissemination or publication showing the public nature of the formal curriculum More key issues in defining curriculum:

11. Post Compulsory Education and Training (the Lifelong Learning Sector) includes a wide range of programmes. Post Compulsory Education and Training (the Lifelong Learning Sector) includes a wide range of programmes. Complete the mind map to show the diversity of provision within this sector (you could start by considering the teaching roles represented in this class!). Complete the mind map to show the diversity of provision within this sector (you could start by considering the teaching roles represented in this class!). Spend 5 to 10 minutes completing this exercise Pairs exercise:

12. Linear Linear Modular Modular Spiral Spiral Curriculum models:

13. This is the most obvious model and is the type you see in the National Curriculum. Learners progress from one objective to another, from one level to another and from one year to another, until the whole process is complete. Curriculum models – Linear:

15. “A free standing unit of learning, which may be linked with others to form a coherent programme, each module has specified title, aims and objectives, knowledge, concept, skills and attitudes, teaching and learning styles and assessment methods” (Watkins, 1987, p.18) Curriculum models – Modular:

17. Originally suggested by Bruner (1960), with the aim that all learning should be constantly revisited. Both the acquisition of knowledge and skills take place through going back over them in different ways to improve the level of attainment. The assumption is that no learning is once and for all and that we can always improve. Curriculum models – Spiral:

19. Identify one strength and one weakness of each curriculum model. Identify one strength and one weakness of each curriculum model. For each curriculum model identify a course that it would be well suited to and one which it would not suit. For each curriculum model identify a course that it would be well suited to and one which it would not suit. Indentify which curriculum model, or models, relate to each of your own subject specialism(s) Indentify which curriculum model, or models, relate to each of your own subject specialism(s) Spend 10 minutes completing this exercise Group exercise: Using the handout for guidance………….

20. Could you write a description of your curriculum as it is now? Using the handout, try to examine the 7 points in relation to your own curriculum. Using the handout, try to examine the 7 points in relation to your own curriculum. Spend 10 minutes completing this exercise Individual exercise:

21. Aristotle catagorised knowledge into 3 disciplines: The theoretical The theoretical The practical The practical The productive The productive It is helpful if we approach curriculum in this context. Curriculum theories / approaches:

22. Product Syllabus Praxis The theoretical The practical The productive Process

23. Transmitted Transmitted Product Product Process Process Praxis Praxis Curriculum theories / approaches: The most common curriculum theories today are; curriculum as:

24. A body of knowledge to be transmitted (closely linked to syllabus) A product – an attempt to achieve certain ends in students Process – curriculum is the interaction of students, teachers and knowledge Praxis – development of the process model, but linked to specific values Curriculum theories / approaches: The most common curriculum theories are; curriculum as:

25. Curriculum only concerned with content Curriculum only concerned with content Delivered to students by the most effective means possible Delivered to students by the most effective means possible Curriculum theories / approaches Curriculum as a syllabus to be Transmitted:

26. Linked to management theory and practice Linked to management theory and practice Behavioural objectives central to this approach Behavioural objectives central to this approach Objectives linked to changes to take place in student’s behaviour Objectives linked to changes to take place in student’s behaviour Learning experiences selected linked to these objectives Learning experiences selected linked to these objectives Success in achieving objectives readily evaluated Success in achieving objectives readily evaluated Curriculum theories / approaches Curriculum as Product:

27. Curriculum is what actually happens in the classroom and what people do to prepare and evaluate Curriculum is what actually happens in the classroom and what people do to prepare and evaluate Provides principles for selecting what should be taught, strategies to be adopted and diagnosing the strengths and weaknesses of individual students. Provides principles for selecting what should be taught, strategies to be adopted and diagnosing the strengths and weaknesses of individual students. Attention shifts from teaching to learning Attention shifts from teaching to learning Curriculum theories / approaches Curriculum as Process:

28. Development of the process model Development of the process model Commitment to collective human well-being at the centre of the process Commitment to collective human well-being at the centre of the process Educators’ view of what makes for human well-being linked to practice Educators’ view of what makes for human well-being linked to practice Curriculum theories / approaches Curriculum as Praxis:

29. Grundy, S. (1987) Curriculum: product or praxis? Grundy, S. (1987) Curriculum: product or praxis? Stenhouse, L. (1975) An introduction to curriculum research and development Stenhouse, L. (1975) An introduction to curriculum research and development Cornbeth, C. (1980) Curriculum in Context Cornbeth, C. (1980) Curriculum in Context Kelly, A. V. (1983; 1999) The Curriculum Theory and Practice Kelly, A. V. (1983; 1999) The Curriculum Theory and Practice www.infed.org/biblio/b-curric.htm www.infed.org/biblio/b-curric.htm Curriculum theories / approaches Further reading and references: