1. Yet Another Four Losses in Turbines - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Set of Losses not Strictly due to Geometry of Blading….

2. New Losses due to Partial Admission PA improves part load efficiency due to decreased secondary losses. There are three main concerns regarding partial admission turbines. These are related to: Aerodynamics/Fluid Dynamics Thermodynamics Aeromechanics.

3. Special Fluid Dynamics due to Partial Admission Firstly, there are special aerodynamic losses; pumping-, emptying- and filling losses attributed to the partial admission stage.

4. New Issues due to PA Secondly, in multistage turbines the downstream stages experience non-periodic flow around the periphery and substantial circumferential pressure gradients and flow angle variations that produce additional mixing losses. Thirdly, compared to full admission turbines, the forcing on downstream components is also circumferentially non-periodic with rapid load changes. This is very high for the rotor in the admission stage.

5. The Effect of Distribution of Given PA Level

6. Circumferential Variation of Absolute Flow Angle

7. Variation of Stage Exit Total Temperature

8. Variation of DoR

9. Estimation of PA Losses Partial admission losses can be broken down into pumping loss, filling loss and emptying loss. The pumping loss refers to the pumping in the inactive blade channels rotating in a fluid-filled casing. The losses that originate from the filling and emptying of the rotor passages as the blades pass through the active sector are sometimes combined and referred to as sector loss.

10. The Pumping Power Loss

11. The Sector Losses The sector loss, associated with the emptying and filling of rotor passages as the blades pass by the active stator arc, is found to be where K s is a loss coefficient representing the decrease of the momentum of the fluid passing through the rotor compared to the available energy of the fluid. η efficiency of full-admission turbine η p efficiency of partial-admission turbine K w exit-to-inlet relative velocity ratio ( V re /V ri ) S R rotor blade pitch

12. Effect of PA on Number of Stages

13. Old Last Stage LP Blade

14. Adiabatic Expansion of Steam The liquid in the LP turbine expansion flow field is considered to progressively appear, with lowering pressure, in four forms, namely as: A fine mist (or fog) suspended in the steam; As a water stream running in rivulets along the casing (mainly OD); As a water film moving on the surface of the blades (mainly stator; not particularly evident on the rotor blades owing to centrifugal-flinging action); As larger droplets created when the water flowing along the surface of the blades reaches the trailing edge.

15. Notional Diagram of Path Break Down Deposition of Part of Fog and Coarse water Coarse water spray Fog Impact & Splashing of Coarse water Re-entrained Coarse water Coarse water spray centrifuged from blade Impact & Splashing of Coarse water Centrifuging of deposited Fog and Coarse water

16. Notionally envisaged progressive process Formation of fog that continues to appear in the through-flow, some of which is deposited. Deposition of fog droplets on blade surfaces. Coarse water re-entrained in through-flow primarily from fixed blades. Impact of coarse water on the moving blades. Coarse water re-entrained in through-flow from moving blades Coarse water entering the next stage (fixed blades). Continued process, with more fog formation and some deposition, in the successive stages.

17. Deviation of Eater Droplets Velocity triangles for coarse water droplets Velocity triangles for steam

18. Transport Losses Impact of droplets on blade surfaces, with strong resulting momentum exchange. Slip of the droplets relative to the main steam flow, causing drag between the droplets and the dry steam. This is because of the high-density water droplets that cannot accelerate as fast as the dry steam under the same pressure gradient.

19. Wetness losses The level of allowable moisture in the last stages of the LP turbine has been a practical limit on the usable temperatures and pressures of steam since the earliest turbine designs. Severe erosion was found in LP blades of early turbine designs and lead to the imposition of a limitation of about 12% on exit wetness. A second, although less limiting effect, was characterized by Baumann as early as 1910: that the efficiency, of wet stages of the LP decreases approximately 1% for every 1% increase in wetness in the stage.

20. Losses Vs Wetness

21. Exhaust Diffuser For L P Turbine

22. Exhaust Hood

23. Path Lines in Exhaust Hood

25. Steam Turbine Exhaust Size Selection The steam leaving the last stage of a condensing steam turbine can carry considerably useful power to the condenser as kinetic energy. The turbine performance analysis needs to identify an exhaust area for a particular load that provides a balance between exhaust loss and capital investment in turbine equipment.

26. Turn-up loss Total Exhaust Loss Gross hood loss Annulus restriction loss Annulus Velocity (m/s) Exhaust Loss, kJ/kg of dry flow 0 120240180240300360 10 20 30 40 50 Annulus velocity (m/s) Condenser flow rate Annulus area Percentage of Moisture at the Expansion line end point Typical exhaust loss curve showing distribution of component loss SP.Volume Actual leaving loss

27. Optimal Design of Exhaust Hood Thermodynamic Optimum Economic Optimum Total Exhaust Losses Axial Leaving Losses