1. Irreversibilities : Turbine to Condenser-II
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi
Loss in Capacity of Turbine & Increase in Capacity of Condenser….

2. Irreversible Adiabatic Flow Through Turbine : SSSF
Ideal work wiso = h0in – h0exitiso
Actual work wact = h0in – h0exitact
Internal Efficiency of a turbine
exitiso
exitactual

3. Losses in Turbine Stage
Losses in Regulating valves : The magnitude of loss of pressure due to throttling with the regulating valves fully open is:
Dpv = 3 to 5% of pmax.
Loss in nozzle blades.
pressure loss in moving blades.
Loss due to exit velocity.
Loss due to friction of the disc and blade banding
Loss associated with partial admission.
Loss due to steam leakages through clearances.
Loss due to flow of wet steam.
Loss due to exhaust piping.
Loss due to steam leakage in seals.

4. Losses in Nozzles
Losses of kinetic energy of steam while flowing through nozzles or guide blade passages are caused because of
Energy losses of steam before entering the nozzles,
Frictional resistance of the nozzles walls,
Viscous friction between steam molecules,
Deflection of the flow,
Growth of boundary layer,
Turbulence in the Wake and
Losses at the roof and floor of the nozzles.
These losses are accounted by the velocity coefficient, f.

5. 500 MW

6. Nozzle & Moving Blade Losses for HP Stages : 500 MW

7. Nozzle & Moving Blade Losses for IP Stages : 500 MW

8. Nozzle & Moving Blade Losses for LP Stages : 500 MW

9. H-s Diagram of Turbine Exhaust Steam

10. Irreversible Flow Turbine Exit to Condenser
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi
Irreversibilities due to Closed Cycle Policy …..

11. The Last Stage of LP Turbine

12. LP Turbine Exhaust System
In a condensing steam turbine, the low-pressure exhaust hood, consisting of a diffuser and a collector or volute!, connects the last stage turbine and the condenser.
The function of the hood is to transfer the turbine leaving kinetic energy to potential energy while guiding the flow from the turbine exit plane to the condenser.
Most of exhaust hoods discharge towards the downward condenser.
Flow inside the hood therefore must turn about 90 deg from the axial direction to the radial direction before exhausting into the condenser.
The 90-deg turning results in vortical flow in the upper half part of the collector and also high losses.
The exhaust hood is one of the few steam turbine components that has the considerable aerodynamic losses.
It is a challenge for engineers to operate a hood with high pressure recovery and low total pressure loss in a compact axial length.

13. H-s Diagram of Turbine Exhaust Steam

14. Exhaust Hood

15. Exhaust Diffuser For L P Turbine

16. Steam Turbine Exhaust Size Selection
The steam leaving the last stage of a condensing steam turbine can carry considerably useful power to the condenser as kinetic energy.
The turbine performance analysis needs to identify an exhaust area for a particular load that provides a balance between exhaust loss and capital investment in turbine equipment.

17. Path Lines in Exhaust Hood

18. Residual velocity loss
Steam leaving the last stage of the turbine has certain velocity, which represent the amount of kinetic energy that cannot be imparted to the turbine shaft and thus it is wasted
Exhaust end loss
Exhaust end loss occur between the last stage of low pressure turbine and condenser inlet.
Exhaust loss depends on the absolute steam velocity.
Turbine Exhaust end loss
= Expansion-line -end point - Used energy at end point.

19. Typical exhaust loss curve showing distribution of component loss
Condenser flow rate
Percentage of Moisture at the Expansion line end point
SP.Volume
Annulus restriction loss
Annulus velocity (m/s)
Annulus area
Total Exhaust Loss 50
Turn-up loss 40
Gross hood loss
Exhaust Loss, kJ/kg of dry flow 30 20
Actual leaving loss 10
120
240
180
240
300
360
Annulus Velocity (m/s)

20. Optimal Design of Exhaust Hood

21. H-s Diagram of Turbine Exhaust Steam