1. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 20111 C H A P T E R 6 SAMPLING AND ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION

2. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 20112 Sampling Theorem Nyquist Rate Nyquist Interval

3. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 20113 Signal Reconstruction from Uniform Samples Interpolation: The process of reconstructing a continuous time signal g(t) from its samples

4. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 20114 Practical Signal Reconstruction (Interpolation)

5. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 20115 Simple interpolation

6. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 20116 Practical Issues in Signal Sampling and Reconstruction Realizability of Reconstruction Filters

7. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 20117 Aliasing effect. (a) Spectrum of a practical signal g(t). (b) Spectrum of sampled g(t). (c) Reconstructed signal spectrum. (d) Sampling scheme using antialiasing filter. (e) Sample signal spectrum (dotted) and the reconstructed signal spectrum (solid) when antialiasing filter is used. Practical Issues in Signal Sampling and Reconstruction The Treachery of Aliasing

8. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 20118 (a) Non-band limited signal spectrum and its sampled spectrum G( f ). (b) Equivalent low-pass signal spectrum G a ( f ) constructed from uniform samples of g(t) at sampling rate 2B. Maximum Informaiton Rate A maximum of 2B independent pieces of information per second can be transmitted, error free, over a noiseless channel of bandwidth B Hz

9. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 20119 Nonideal Practical Sampling Analysis

10. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 201110 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) Applications of Sampling Theorem Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

11. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 201111 Applications of Sampling Theorem Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

12. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 201112 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Natural binary code (NBC) Binary digit (bit) For a audio signal with a bandwidth about 15kHz, the signal is not affected if all the above 3400 Hz are suppressed. If sampled at a rate of 8000 samples per second, and each sample is finalized quantized into 256 levels, the telephone signal requires how many binary pulses per second?

13. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 201113 Quantizing

14. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 201114 Nonuniform Quantizing uLaw ALaw

15. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 201115 The Compandor The Compressor and expander together are called the compandor

16. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 201116 Examples: Transmission Bandwidth and the Output SNR A signal m(t) band-limited to 3kHz is sampled at a rate 33.333% higher than the Nyquist rate. The maximum acceptable error in the sample amplitude (the maximum quantization error) is 0.5% of the peak amplitude m p. The quantized samples are binary coded. Find the minimum bandwidth of a channel required to transmit the encoded binary signal. If 24 such signals are time-division-multiplexed, determine the minimum transmission bandwidth required to transmit the multiplexed signal. Nyquist rate R N =6000Hz Sampling rate R A =8000Hz L=200 N=8, C M =24*64000/2=0.768MHz

17. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 201117 Exponential Increase of the Output SNR A signal m(t) of bandwidth B=4kHz is transmitted using a binary companded PCM with μ=100. Compare the case of L=64 with the case L=256 from the point of view of transmission bandwidth and the output SNR.

18. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 201118 T1 carrier system. Digital Telephony

19. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 201119 T1 system signaling format. Digital Telephony

20. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 201120 Transversal filter (tapped delay line) used as a linear predictor. Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) By estimating the value of the kth sample m[k] from a knowledge of several previous sample values. We transmit the difference between m[k] and its predicted value. More band efficient, and better SNR Line Predictor

21. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 201121 DPCM system: (a) transmitter; (b) receiver. Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) SNR Improvement: m p, d p

22. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 201122 ADPCM encoder uses an adaptive quantizer controlled only by the encoder output bits. Adapative Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM)

23. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 201123 (a) The human speech production mechanism (b) Typical pressure impulses. Vocoders And Video Compression Linear Prediction Coding (LPC)

24. Fundamental of Wireless Communications ELCT 332Fall 201124 Analysis and synthesis of voice signals in an LPC encoder and decoder. LPC Models Video Compression: MPEG NTSC TV in digital form 45-120 Mbit/s------- 1.5-15Mbit/s HDTV in digital form 800 Mbit/s------- 19.39Mbit/s