1. Social Psychology: Attitudes, Group Influences, Social Relations, Attraction, and Altruism

2. Warm Up 1. How do the fundamental and situational attribution errors differ? 1. How do the fundamental and situational attribution errors differ? 2.What was the significance of the Milgram study? 2.What was the significance of the Milgram study? 3. What types of situations cause ppl to follow orders the best ? 3. What types of situations cause ppl to follow orders the best ? 4. Describe the Zimbardo study? 4. Describe the Zimbardo study? 5. What is Deindividuation? 5. What is Deindividuation? 6. What is dehumanization? 6. What is dehumanization?

3. Bump or Jump Illustrates: Social Trap: a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest gets caught in mutually destructive behavior. Social Trap: a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest gets caught in mutually destructive behavior. Optimal outcome Probable outcome Person 1 Choose A Choose B Person 2 Choose B Choose A

4. Do Attitudes Guide Our Actions? Attitude: beliefs and feelings that predispose our reaction to objects, people, and events. Attitude: beliefs and feelings that predispose our reaction to objects, people, and events. Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as well as by external social influences: Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as well as by external social influences: Internal attitudes External influences Behavior

5. Attitudes are Likely to Affect Actions When: 1. Outside influences on what we say and do are minimal. 2. The attitude is specifically relevant to the behavior. 3. We are keenly aware of our attitudes.

6. Do Our Actions Affect Our Attitude? Foot in the Door Phenomenon: tendency to comply with a larger request after agreeing to a small one. Ex: P.O.W.’s in Korean War Cognitive Dissonance: when our awareness of our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the discomfort (dissonance) by changing our attitudes.

7. Group Influences Reasons for Conformity: Reasons for Conformity: Normative Social Influence: influence from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disproval. Normative Social Influence: influence from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disproval. Informational Social Influence: influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others opinions about reality. Informational Social Influence: influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others opinions about reality.

8. Conformity and Informational Influence Conformity with a group is a highest when the task is difficult and important. Conformity with a group is a highest when the task is difficult and important. Difficult judgments Easy judgments Conformity highest on important judgments Low High Importance 50% 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage of conformity to confederates’ wrong answers

9. Group Influences Social Facilitation: improved performance of tasks in the presence of others. Occurs with simple or well- learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered. Social Facilitation: improved performance of tasks in the presence of others. Occurs with simple or well- learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered. Why? When others are around us we become physiologically aroused. Why? When others are around us we become physiologically aroused. Arousal helps with easy tasks but not with difficult. Arousal helps with easy tasks but not with difficult. EX: Running vs. New Math Problem EX: Running vs. New Math Problem

10. Social Facilitation and Home Field Advantage Home Advantage in Major Team Sports Home Team GamesWinning SportStudiedPercentage Baseball23,03453.3% Football 2,59257.3 Ice hockey 4,32261.1 Basketball13,59664.4 Soccer37,20269.0

11. Group Influences Social Loafing: the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. Social Loafing: the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. Especially common among men in individualistic cultures. Especially common among men in individualistic cultures. Leads to the “free-rider” problem Leads to the “free-rider” problem

12. Effects of Group Interaction Group Polarization: the enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group. Group Polarization: the enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group. Ex: non-racist vs. racist students meeting to discuss issues. Each sides attitudes will be amplified. Groupthink: the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. Groupthink: the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

13. Power of Individuals Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: occurs when one person’s belief about others leads one to act in ways that induce the others to appear to confirm the belief. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: occurs when one person’s belief about others leads one to act in ways that induce the others to appear to confirm the belief. Man who believes woman is attracted to him; women more likely to act that way or vice- versa. Man who believes woman is attracted to him; women more likely to act that way or vice- versa.

14. Social Interactions Prejudice Prejudice an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action Stereotype Stereotype a generalized (often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people a generalized (often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

15. Us vs. Them Ingroup: “Us”---people who one shares a common identity. Ingroup: “Us”---people who one shares a common identity. Outgroup: “Them”---those perceived as different or apart of one’s ingroup. Outgroup: “Them”---those perceived as different or apart of one’s ingroup. Ingroup bias: the tendency to favor one’s own group. Ingroup bias: the tendency to favor one’s own group. Scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame Scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame Nazis scapegoat jews for economic frustration. “If the Jews did not exist, we should have to invent him.” Nazis scapegoat jews for economic frustration. “If the Jews did not exist, we should have to invent him.”

16. Roots of Prejudice Categorization Categorization Vivid Cases Vivid Cases Just World Phenomenon: the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Just World Phenomenon: the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Example: social darwinism…p.666 Example: social darwinism…p.666

17. Aggression Causes of Aggression: Causes of Aggression: Genes Genes Neural Influences: stimulation to certain neural regions can increase or decrease aggression. Neural Influences: stimulation to certain neural regions can increase or decrease aggression. Biochemical Influences: high testosterone levels correlate with aggressive behavior…2- way…testosterone boosts and is boosted by aggressive behavior. Biochemical Influences: high testosterone levels correlate with aggressive behavior…2- way…testosterone boosts and is boosted by aggressive behavior. Alcohol: 4/10 violent crimes…3/4 spousal abuse Alcohol: 4/10 violent crimes…3/4 spousal abuse

18. Causes of Aggression Frustration-Aggression Principle: the principle that frustration---the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal---creates anger, which can generate aggression. Frustration-Aggression Principle: the principle that frustration---the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal---creates anger, which can generate aggression. Aversive stimuli also increases aggression…ex: more spousal abuse in hotter years and months. Aversive stimuli also increases aggression…ex: more spousal abuse in hotter years and months. Murders and rapes per day in Houston, Texas Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit

19. Media and Aggression Average child sees 8000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence before finishing elementary school on TV…desensitization? Average child sees 8000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence before finishing elementary school on TV…desensitization? In the U.S. and Canada, homicide rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction of television. In the U.S. and Canada, homicide rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction of television. “Rape Myth”…pornography that portrays sexual aggression as pleasurable for the victim increases acceptance of coercion in sexual relations. “Rape Myth”…pornography that portrays sexual aggression as pleasurable for the victim increases acceptance of coercion in sexual relations.

20. Psychology of Attraction Importance of Proximity: can’t fall in love with someone you’ve never met. Importance of Proximity: can’t fall in love with someone you’ve never met. Mere Exposure Effect: the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases the liking of them…mirror image vs. reverse. Mere Exposure Effect: the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases the liking of them…mirror image vs. reverse. Similarity also is a strong determinant of attraction: share common goals, interests, and attitudes. Similarity also is a strong determinant of attraction: share common goals, interests, and attitudes.

21. Love Passionate Love: an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. Passionate Love: an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. Companionate Love: the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those whom our lives are intertwined. Companionate Love: the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those whom our lives are intertwined.

22. Making Love Last Equity: a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it…decision-making, bank accounts, etc. Equity: a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it…decision-making, bank accounts, etc. Self Disclosure: revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others breeds liking. Self Disclosure: revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others breeds liking.

23. Altruism Altruism: unselfish regard for the welfare of others. Altruism: unselfish regard for the welfare of others. Bystander Effect: less likely to give aid if others are present..diffusion of responsibility. Bystander Effect: less likely to give aid if others are present..diffusion of responsibility. Notices incident? Interprets incident as emergency? Assumes responsibility? Attempts to help No help No help No help Yes No

24. Increasing Altruism & Cooperation Social Exchange Theory: the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. Ex: volunteer at homeless shelter if believe benefits (good feelings, etc.) outweigh costs (time, effort, etc.) Social Exchange Theory: the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. Ex: volunteer at homeless shelter if believe benefits (good feelings, etc.) outweigh costs (time, effort, etc.) Superordinate Goals: shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. Ex: Remember the Titans Superordinate Goals: shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. Ex: Remember the Titans