1. Institute for Transport Studies FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Human Factors and Vehicle Automation The good, the bad and the ugly Tyron Louw National Road Safety Conference 25-26 th November, 2014 The Grand, Brighton, UK

2. www.its.leeds.ac.uk The race is on! The race is ON!

3. www.its.leeds.ac.uk Automated? Driverless? Self-driving? Automated Road Transport Systems Level 4 Platooning Level 2 & 3 Highly automated/dual mode vehicles Level 2 & 3 Connected Vehicles Military driverless vehicles Level 4 Self-driving autonomous trucks Level 2 & 3

4. www.its.leeds.ac.uk Automated? Driverless? Self-driving? Definitions are Important! Autonomous “not subject to control from outside; independent” 1 “undertaken or carried on without outside control” 2 Automated “automatically controlled operation of an apparatus, process or system by mechanical or electronic devices that take the place of human labour” 1 Sources: 1 http://dictionary.reference.com 2 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary

5. www.its.leeds.ac.uk Levels of Automation Level 4 Full Self-Driving AutomationLevel 3 Limited Self-Driving AutomationLevel 2 Combined Function AutomationLevel 1 Function-specific AutomationLevel 0 No-Automation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)

6. www.its.leeds.ac.uk Focus of this talk is on the human factors of Level 2 and Level 3 vehicle automation

7. www.its.leeds.ac.uk The GOOD – The claims Science Digest, April 1958 NOT A NEW IDEA! Without driver error, fewer vehicle crashes, fewer deaths Increased mobility of the young, the elderly, and the disabled More efficient traffic flow, decreased congestion Engage in other activities, lower costs of travel time Increase fuel efficiency No need for parking spaces Source: Rand Corporation (2014)

8. www.its.leeds.ac.uk The BAD NHTSA (2013)

9. www.its.leeds.ac.uk Lessons from aviation

10. www.its.leeds.ac.uk The BAD Fact: Human error accounts for 90% of road accidents Claim: Vehicle automation will remove the human and therefore eliminate 90% of road accidents TRUE or FALSE?

11. www.its.leeds.ac.uk The BAD My answer? FALSE Why? Automation does not remove the human from the driving task It simply changes its role within it

12. www.its.leeds.ac.uk What’s the State of the Art ?

13. www.its.leeds.ac.uk What we DO know Drivers are able to return to the loop within 5 to 7 seconds (Louw, Merat & Jamson, submitted; Gold & Bengler, 2014) When required to resume control drivers take ±30-45 seconds to stabilise behaviour (Merat et al., 2014)

14. www.its.leeds.ac.uk What we DO know The higher the automation, the more drivers look elsewhere and engage in other tasks (Merat et al., 2012, Carsten et al., 2012). Situation awareness is lower than in manual and increases with increasing automation, especially if drivers engaged in another task (Merat et al., 2012)

15. www.its.leeds.ac.uk The UGLY – What we don’t know What is the effect of long durations under automation on ability to resume control? How will impaired/older drivers handle automation? What are effective hand-over strategies/user interfaces for automation? From driving simulator studies to the real world

16. www.its.leeds.ac.uk The UGLY – What we don’t know How will drivers handle complex scenarios after automation? Source: lionspire.com

17. www.its.leeds.ac.uk The UGLY – What we don’t know How do we manage trust/complacency in automated vehicles? Will drivers misuse automation and should we monitor this? What are the needs and interactions of other road users? What does all of this mean for vehicle automation?

18. www.its.leeds.ac.uk What does it mean for vehicle automation? Design of automated driving systems needs to be human-centred and robust Source: automotive.electronicspecifier.com

19. www.its.leeds.ac.uk What does it mean for vehicle automation? Possible driver training for automated vehicles? Source: automotive.electronicspecifier.com

20. www.its.leeds.ac.uk What does all of this mean for road safety?

21. www.its.leeds.ac.uk What does it mean for road safety? Without driver error, fewer vehicle crashes, fewer deaths Initially fewer minor crashes, eventually fewer deaths Not until full-automation Engage in other activities, lower costs of travel time How do the claims weigh up?True or False? Possibly for automated public transport but not until full- automation in personal vehicles Increased mobility of the young, the elderly, and the disabled

22. www.its.leeds.ac.uk What does it mean for road safety? DON’T HAVE AUTOMATION FOR THE SAKE OF AUTOMATION ONLY WORTH REPLACING THE HUMAN IF THE ALTERNATIVE IS BETTER

23. Institute for Transport Studies FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Thank you for your attention! Tyron Louw Institute for Transport Studies University of Leeds t.l.louw@leeds.ac.uk

24. Institute for Transport Studies FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Carsten, O., Lai, F. C. H., Barnard, Y., Jamson, A. H. & Merat, N. (2012). Control task substitution in semi-automated driving: Does it matter what aspects are automated? Human Factors, 54, 747–761. Gold, C. & Bengler, K. (2014). Taking Over Control from Highly Automated Vehicles. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics AHFE 2014, Kraków, Poland 19-23 July. Louw, T., Merat, N. & Jamson, H. (submitted). Engaging With Automation: To be Or Not To Be In The Loop. Driving Assessment 2015: 8th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design. Merat, N., Jamson, A. H., Lai, F. F. C. H., Daly, M. & Carsten, O. M. J. (2014). Transition to manual: Driver behaviour when resuming control from a highly automated vehicle. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 26, 1–9. Merat, N., Jamson, H., Lai, F., & Carsten, O. (2012). Highly automated driving, secondary task performance and driver state. Human Factors, 54, 762–771.