1. Nationalism
Triumphs in Europe

2. What is Nationalism?

5. Building a German Nation

6. Building a German Nation
1862, King William I made him prime minister
Wanted unity after Napoleon
Otto von Bismark
Junker class
Conservative land-owning nobles
Blood & Iron

7. Otto von Bismarck Realpolitik
Realistic politics based on needs of the state
Power more important than principles
Hohenzollern nationalist
Strengthen army
Annexed several German states
Franco-Prussian War of 1870
Napoleon III surrendered within a few weeks

8. German Empire
Kaiser William I
Second Reich
January 1871

9. Section 2: Germany Strengthens
Industrial giant
Iron & coal resources
Disciplined & educated workforce
Middle class
Responsibility
Deference to authority
Population increase
1871 = 41 million
1914 = 67 million
Science
Research & development
Single currency
Railroads
Raised tariffs
Section 2: Germany Strengthens
Government

10. Iron Chancellor Foreign Policy Domestic Policy Keep France weak
Alliance Austria & Russia
“Water rats do not fight with land rats,” Otto von Bismarck
Domestic Policy
Ruthless
Erase local loyalties
& opposition

11. Otto vs. Catholic Church
1/3 of German population
Bismarck distrusted
Loyalty to pope
Kulturkampf
“Battle for civilization”
Allegiance to state over Church
Do you think it worked?
Pope Pius IX, A political game of chess

12. Otto vs. Socialists Threat in growing power of socialism
Social Democratic party
Parliamentary democracy & laws to improve conditions for workers
Bismarck was afraid of revolution he tried to repress them but workers unified
By 1890's, Germans had health, accident & old age insurance
Under Bismarck, Germany was a pioneer in social reform
New plan,
protect workers

13. Kaiser William II 1888, William II succeeded his grandfather
Confident & ambitious
Shocked Europe by asking Bismarck to resign
Provided social welfare
Cheap transportation & electricity, Public schools which taught obedience to the emperor & 3 R's
Lavished money on military (already most powerful in Europe), expanded navy (tried to rival Britain & France)
Reign
William's nationalism & military stance increased tensions on eve of WWI

14. Section 3: Unifying Italy
Italian peninsula, same language but they had not experienced political unity since Roman times
1800's, patriots were determined
Like Germany, needed strong state & ruthless politician

15. Obstacles Local loyalties
People of Florence considered themselves to be Tuscans
Venice, Venetians
Naples, Neopolitans
Etc.
Napoleons invasions (like in Germany) sparked dreams of national unity
Austrian control of N. Italy
1820 to 1848, nationalists revolts across the region
Troops sent in

16. independent, republican
Giuseppe Mazzini
1830's, nationalist leader Mazzini founded Young Italy
Secret society
1849 set up revolutionary republic in Rome
French forces toppled it
Like many nationalists, Mazzini spent much of his life in exile
“To constitute Italy,
one, free,
independent, republican
nation”

17. Italian Unity Revolution failed But Idea was already planted
“Idea's grow quickly,
when watered by the
blood of martyrs.”
- Mazzini
Revolution failed
But Idea was already planted
Unity made sense
Geography, language, history
Economically
Eliminate trade barriers
Nationalists reminded people of the glory of Rome

18. Count Camillo Cavour become Prime Minster
Struggle for Italy
Risorgimento
Italian nationalist movement
Count Camillo Cavour become Prime Minster
1852
Noble family with liberal goals
Like Bismarck, he believed in Realpolitik
Willing to do whatever it takes
Reformed economy, improved agriculture, built railroads, supported free trade
With help from France, defeated Austria in Lombardy & other Northern Italian states

19. Nationalist, ally of Mazzini
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Nationalist, ally of Mazzini
1860, recruited 1000 red-shirted volunteers
Cavour supplied weapons
Won Sicily with surprising speed
1870, First time since fall of Roman empire,
Italy was
united land

20. 1861, Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) was crowned king of Italy
Cavour died 1861
1861, Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) was crowned king of Italy

22. Challenges to New Nation
Italy had no tradition of unity
Few Italians felt ties to new nation
Regional rivalries
North v. South
Challenges to New Nation
Richer
Had more cities
Centers of business & culture
Rural
Poor
Booming population
Illiterate peasants couldn't make much of a living on exhausted land
North
South

23. Challenges to New Nation
Hostility between Roman Catholic Church & Italy
Pope resented loss of Papal land & Rome
Urged Italian Catholics (...just about all Italians) not to cooperate
Political unrest

25. Economic Progress Especially after 1900, Italy developed economically
Industrialization brought urbanization
Overpopulation created tensions
But many emigrated
USA, Canada, Latin America
By 1914, Italy much better off than it was in 1861
But hardly prepared for the Great war

26. Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
Why did nationalism bring strength to some countries & weaken others?
In Eastern & Central Europe, the Austrian Hapsburgs & Ottoman Turks ruled lands of diverse ethnic groups
1800, Hapsburgs were oldest ruling house in Europe

27. Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
Nationalist feelings among these subject peoples contributed to tensions building across Europe.
Austrian Emperor Francis I
Newspapers couldn’t use the word constitution
Government limited industrial development
Threatened traditional way of life
“Rule & change nothing,” – Francis I to his son

31. Austria
Of its 50 million people in the mid-1800s, fewer that a quarter were German-speaking Austrians, and almost half belonged to different Slavic groups including Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
Under a new leader, Francis Joseph, and inspired by 1848 revolts, limited reforms were made. These reforms failed to satisfy Hungary in their calls for independence.
In 1867 the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary was formed; they were separate states, but would share ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs.
Ethic unrest continued to
rise however…
Ottomans
After the independence of Serbia and Greece earlier (1830’s), various other groups staged revolts against the Ottomans.
By the mid-1800s European powers had begun to see the Ottomans as weak, referring to them as “the sick man of Europe”. Eagerly they scrambled to divide up the lands; Russia pushed south, Austria-Hungary pushed west into Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Britain and France set their sights on lands in the Middle East and North Africa.
Angered Serbs who wanted to expand
A complex web of competing interests developed in the region between regional and European powers, leading to what many would call the region as the “Balkan powder keg”.
18 years old

32. 1850, Russia was largest & most populous nation in Europe
Serfdom almost disappeared in Western Europe by 1700s, but survived in Russia
Masters had almost total power over their serfs
Efforts to reform, free Russia from autocratic rule & social injustice
But efforts to modernize had little success
Tsars imprisoned critics or sent them to exile
1850, Russia was largest & most populous nation in Europe
Great World Power

33. Nations looked at Russia anxiously
Immense natural resources
Europeans disliked its autocratic government & feared its expansion
Russia remained economically undeveloped
1800’s, Tsars saw need to modernize, but resisted reforms that would undermine their absolute rule

34. Russia’s Social Structure
Landowning nobles dominated society
Resisted any change that would threatened their power
Middle class was small & weak
Most people were serfs
Landowning nobles didn’t want to move away from agriculture to industry
Tsars ruled with absolute power

35. Russia tried to seize Ottoman land
Tsar Alexander II, 1855
Russia tried to seize Ottoman land
British & French joined Ottoman Turks
Invaded Crimean peninsula
Crimean
War
Russian defeat
War showed Russia’s backwardness
Inefficient military
Only a few miles of railroads
Change was needed

36. Set up zemstvos, elected assemblies for local government
Change was Needed
Widespread popular reaction
Liberals demanded changes, students demonstrated
Alexander II agreed to reform
Former serfs still poor
But started industrialization
Turning point for Russia
1861, Emancipation
Freed the serfs
Set up zemstvos, elected assemblies for local government

37. Too little too late March 3, 1881 Peasants had freedom but no land
Liberals wanted a constitution & elected legislature
Radicals wanted more revolutionary changes
They adopted socialist ideas from the West
March 3, 1881

38. Officially encouraged pogroms, violent mob attacks on Jewish people
Alexander III avenged his father’s death
Harsh methods
Punished liberals & revolutionaries
Secret police, censorship, exiled critics to Siberia
Russification
Suppressed culture of non-Russian peoples within empire
One language, Russian
One church, Russian Orthodox
Poles, Ukrainians, Finns, Armenians, Muslims, Jews and many others suffered persecution
Officially encouraged pogroms, violent mob attacks on Jewish people

39. Drive to Industrialize
Finally enter industrial age under Nicholas II
Alexander III’s son
1890’s, Tsar Nicholas II
Focused on economic development
Built railroads
Invested in industry
Economic growth, but peasants worked in factories, lived in slums

40. Turning Point: Crisis & Revolution
Russo-Japanese war, 1904
Nicholas II, called people to fight for “the Faith, the Tsar, & the Fatherland”
Sunday, January 22, 1905
Protestors led peaceful march through St. Petersburg towards Winter Palace

41. Turning Point: Crisis & Revolution
Bloody Sunday, January 22, 1905
Turning Point: Crisis & Revolution
Bloody Sunday killed people’s trust & faith in the Tsar
Revolution of 1905
Months after Bloody Sunday, strikes, revolts, assassinations
Nicholas announced sweeping reforms
By 1914, Russia was still an autocracy, but one simmering with unrest