1. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

2. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Essential questions:
What are the functions of blood?
What are some disorders of the blood?
How are blood disorders treated?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the blood?
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
What are some disorders of the circulatory system?
How are disorders of the circulatory system treated?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the circulatory system?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

3. What are the functions of blood?
Transportation
What does the blood transport?
Why is this an important function?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

4. What are the functions of blood?
Regulation
How does the blood regulate heat? Heat from muscles is distributed by blood throughout the body
How does the blood regulate acid/base balance? Carries amino acids and buffers and regulates water and sodium throughout the cells
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

5. What are the functions of blood?
Protection
What function of the blood serve to protect the body?
What is the relevance to health?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

6. Functions of the blood components
Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

7. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Plasma 1. is straw colored liquid 2.blood without cellular components 3.55%of the blood’s volume containing: water, plasma proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, vitamins and enzymes, waste products
Plasma
Cellular elements
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

8. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Erythrocytes
What are the functions of erythrocytes?
hemo= blood
globin= protein
What is the function of hemoglobin? Carries O2 to the rest of the body
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

9. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Erythrocytes
Starts here
hemolysis
What is it? Bursting of RBC
Where does it occur? Spleen and liver
What is the lifetime of an erythrocyte?
Approx. 120 days.
What happens to old erythrocytes? Die and are broken down
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

10. Blood Disorders What is hemolytic anemia?
Destruction of RBC before their life span is over
How is it treated?
Transfusions, medications, spleen removal
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

11. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Leukocytes
What is the function of leukocytes?
A group of cells that fight infection
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

12. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Leukocytes
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes a type of WBC that produces antibodies
Monocytes a WBC that performs phagocytosis during the inflammatory process of fighting infection.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

13. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Neutrophils a type of WBC that performs phagocytosis
Eosinophils a WBC that is involved in parasitic infections
Basophils
Type of WBC that that secretes heparin
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

14. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Inflammation
What is inflammation?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

15. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Inflammation
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

16. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Thrombocytes
What is the composition of thrombocytes?
Fragments of megakaryocytes (which are made in the bone marrow)
What is their function?
Aid in blood clot formation
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

17. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Thrombocytes
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

18. What are the types of blood?
Blood types
What are the types of blood?
Where do they come from?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

19. Blood types are inherited from parents
Determined by the presence or absence of an antigen on the surface of the red blood cell.

20. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood types
Compare blood types. (antigen/antibodies)
A (A antigen; B antibodies)
B (B antigen; A antibodies)
AB (AB antigens; NO antibodies)
O (NO antigens; AB antibodies)
Who can receive
type O blood? everyone
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

21. Rh factor What is erythroblastosis fetalis? What are its symptoms?
How can it be treated?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

22. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
A, B, and O are the three major blood types.
When a mom has one blood type and her unborn baby has a different blood type, it may cause their immune system to react. This is called "incompatibility"). The mother produces substances called antibodies that attack the developing baby's red blood cells.
Type
Type AB
Type O
Type A
People who have one blood type may form proteins (antibodies) that cause their immune system to react against one or more of the other blood types.
Being exposed to another type of blood can cause a reaction. This is important when a patient needs to receive blood (transfusion) or have an organ transplant. The blood types must be matched to avoid an ABO incompatibility reaction.
For example:
A patient with type A blood will react against type B or type AB blood.
A patient with type B blood will react against type A or type AB blood.
A patient with type O blood will react against type A, type B, or type AB blood.
A patient with type AB blood will NOT react against type A, type B, or type AB blood.
Type O blood does not cause an immune response when it is received by people with type A, type B, or type AB blood. This is why type O blood cells can be given to patients of any blood type. People with type O blood are called "universal donors." However, people with type O can only receive type O blood.
Both blood and plasma transfusions must be matched to avoid an immune reaction. Before anyone receives blood, both the blood and the person receiving it are tested carefully to avoid a reaction. Usually a reaction occurs because of a clerical error. 
Symptoms
The following are symptoms of ABO incompatible transfusion reactions:
Back pain
Blood in urine
Chills
Feeling of "impending doom"
Fever
Yellow skin (jaundice)
Signs and tests
The health care provider will perform a physical exam. Blood tests will usually show:
Bilirubin level is high
Complete blood count (CBC) shows damage to red blood cells or anemia
The patient's and donor's blood are not compatible
Urine tests show the presence of hemoglobin. 
Treatment
Treatment may include:
Drugs used to treat allergic reactions (antihistamines)
Drugs used to treat swelling and allergies (steroids)
Fluids given through a vein (intravenously)
Medicines to raise blood pressure if it drops too low
Expectations (prognosis)
ABO incompatibility can be a very serious problem that can even result in death. With the right treatment, a full recovery is likely.
Complications
Kidney failure
Low blood pressure needing intensive care
Death
Calling your health care provider
Call your health care provider if you have recently had a blood transfusion or transplant and you have symptoms of ABO incompatibility.
People who have one blood type may form proteins (antibodies) that cause their immune system to react against one or more of the other blood types.
Being exposed to another type of blood can cause a reaction. This is important when a patient needs to receive blood (transfusion) or have an organ transplant. The blood types must be matched to avoid an ABO incompatibility reaction
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

23. RH incompatability During pregnancy, red blood cells from
the unborn baby
can cross into the mother's bloodstream
through the placenta.
If the mother is Rh-negative,
her immune system treats Rh-positive fetal
cells as if they were a foreign substance
and makes antibodies
against the fetal blood cells.
RH incompatability
When the mom has RH- blood and the infant has RH positive blood.

24. These anti-Rh antibodies
may cross back through the placenta into
the developing baby and destroy the baby's circulating red blood cells.
When red blood cells are broken down, they make bilirubin. This causes an infant to become yellow (jaundiced). The level of bilirubin in the infant's bloodstream may range from mild to dangerously high.
These babies may have enlarged spleen and liver.
RHO Gam is given to the mom and it will destroy any baby blood cells in the mom, and her immune system won’t produce more antibodies.

25. Rhesus (RH) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of RBC’s (antigen)
Blood used in transfusions must match donors for Rh status as well as for ABO blood type
Although the Rh factor doesn’t affect the patient’s health, it can affect pregnancy

26. Rh factor
In 1040, the Rh factor was discovered as a result of studying Rhesus monkeys
When blood from monkeys was injected into rabbits and guinea pigs, it clotted
If the blood has the protein, the patient is Rh positive
If the blood lacks the protein, the patient is Rh negative

27. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood Disorders
Anemia
Review the symptoms of anemia. Anemia is a deficiency of RBC’s.
Discuss why these symptoms occur.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

28. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders
What is the difference
between an embolism
and a thrombus?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

29. Blood disorders a localized collection of blood in the tissues
and a contusion is a bruise – broken capillaries
A Hematoma is
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

30. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders
What is hemophilia?
How do you get it?
Review the symptoms of hemophilia.
Hereditary Blood disorder where the blood clots slowly. Missing factor VIII that works with fibrin to clot the blood.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

31. Blood disorders Leukemia
What is leukemia? Abnormal increase in the number of inmature WBC’s leading to decrease number of good wbc’s, rbc’s, and platelets.
Review the symptoms of leukemia.
Discuss why these symptoms occur.
How is leukemia treated?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

32. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders
Multiple myeloma
What is multiple myeloma? malignancy of plasma cells
What are the symptoms?
Weakness in bone leading to fractures and bone pain
Decrease in numbers of other blood cells
How is it treated?
Chemo, radiation, transplant
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

33. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders
Polycythemia
What is polycythemia? Too many RBC formed
What are the symptoms?
Blood clot formations
How Is it treated?
Remove blood
Plasma
Cellular elements
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

34. Blood disorders Septicemia Infection in blood
What causes septicemia
and how it is treated?
Infection in blood
Treat with IV antibiotics
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

35. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders
Sickle cell anemia
What is sickle cell anemia? A hereditary disorder.
RBC’s form a sickle shape.
What are the symptoms?
How is it treated?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

36. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
What are the functions of the heart?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

37. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Functions of the heart
Did you know?
At rest, 2 ounces of blood
is circulated with each heart beat.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

38. Functions of the heart It’s a PUMP
What do pumps do?
How does this relate to heart function?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

39. Hear the beat! What makes the lubb dupp sound?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

40. Blood Pressure FYI What is the normal range of
Blood pressure is the surge of blood when heart pumps creates pressure against the walls of the arteries
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
Measured during the contraction phase
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
Measured when the ventricles are relaxed
What is the normal range of
blood pressure for an adult?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

41. Functions of the heart It’s a PUMP
What makes the pump work?
It’s electric!
Explain the electrical activity of the heart.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

42. Discuss the function of the heart’s conduction system.
It’s electric!
Discuss the function of the heart’s conduction system.
SA node sends electrical impulse to atriacontractsending contraction through the AV valves to the AV node septum (AV bundle or Bundle of His) Purkinje fibers in the ventricles are stimulated causing ventricular contraction
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

43. Blood supply to the Heart is from the coronary arteries
Heart sounds= lub dub

44. Control of HEART CONTRACTIONS
SA node (sinoatrial) =pacemaker
Located in right atrium
SA node sends out electrical impulse
Impulse spreads over the atria, making them contract
Travels to AV Node
AV node (atrioventricular)
Conducting cell group between atria and ventricle
Carries impulse to Bundle of His

45. Bundle of His Conducting fibers in septum
Divides into R and L branches
To network of branches in ventricles
PURKINJE FIBERS
Impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers causing ventricles to contract

46. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Electrocardiogram
EKG or ECG
SYSTOLE = contraction phase
DIASTOLE = relaxation phase
Baseline of an EKG is a flat line:
P = Atrial contraction
QRS = Ventricular contraction
T = Ventricular relaxation
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

47. Functions of the heart It’s a PUMP
What makes the pump work?
It’s electric!
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

48. Functions of the heart Transportation
What does the heart transport?
What is involved in the transportation process?
How is this a circulatory system function?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

49. The transportation process Discuss systemic circulation
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

50. The transportation process
Right side
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs CO2 and O2 exchange
Left Side
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Body
(Schematic of systemic circulation)
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

51. The transportation process
Discuss cardiopulmonary circulation
Compare
Systemic Circulation To
Cardiopulmonary Circulation
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

52. Vessels of the circulatory system
ARTERIES
What are the functions of arteries? carry oxygenated blood away from heart to capillaries
What are the characteristics of arteries? elastic, muscular, thick walled (strongest of the blood vessels)
Which direction do arteries flow? Away from the heart
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

53. Vessels of the circulatory system
Arteries
Describe arterial blood.
Bright Red in color
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

54. Vessels of the circulatory system
VEINS
What is the function of veins? Carries deoxygenated blood from capillaries to heart
What are the characteristics of veins? Smaller than arteries, but are still muscular. Walls thinner and have valves which prevent back flow of blood
Which direction do veins flow? Toward the heart
Compare arterial and venous blood. (darker red almost purple)
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

55. Vessels of the circulatory system
Veins
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

56. Vessels of the circulatory system
Identify the major arteries.
Identify the major veins.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

57. Vessels of the circulatory system
Capillaries
What is the function of capillaries? Allows nutrient molecules and oxygen to pass out of the capillaries into surrounding tissues
What happens if this action is obstructed? build up of waste and lack of oxygen circulating
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

58. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Remember Pulse Sites?
Where do they come from?
Radial
Temporal
Brachial
Ulnar
Carotid
Popliteal
Femoral
tibialis
dorsalis pedis
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

59. Identify the pulse sites...
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

60. Circulatory disorders
Aneurysm
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

61. Circulatory disorders
Angina pectoris
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

62. Circulatory disorders
Arrhythmia
Is any change from normal heart rate or rhythm
BRADYCARDIA
Slow heart rate (<60 beats per minute)
TACHYCARDIA
Rapid heart rate (>100 beats per minute)
What is the
normal range
for pulse?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

63. Circulatory disorders
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening of arterial walls due to aging
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

64. Circulatory disorders
Atherosclerosis
Deposits of fatty substances adhere to walls of arteries
What is the difference between
arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

65. Circulatory disorders
Coronary artery disease
Narrowing of arteries usually due to atherosclerosis
Prevention:
Exercise
Reduce cholesterol
No smoking
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

66. Circulatory disorders
Hypertension
What is hypertension? High B/P
What factors influence the development of hypertension? Smoking, age, wt., medical conditions, heredity, diet, lifestyle How is it treated? Exercise, meds, diet, quit smoking
Why is it called the “silent killer?” frequently there are no symptoms
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

67. Circulatory disorders
Heart failure
Ventricles are unable to contract effectively
Blood pools in heart
Left ventricle: dyspnea
Right ventricle: ascites,
Edema in feet and legs
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

68. Circulatory disorders
Murmurs:
Valves do not close properly
What is the most
common instrument
used to detect murmurs?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

69. Circulatory disorders
Myocardial infarction
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

70. Circulatory disorders
Peripheral vascular disease: arteries in legs become blocked
How can PVD
be prevented?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

71. Circulatory disorders
Pulmonary edema
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

72. Circulatory disorders
Transient ischemic attack
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

73. Circulatory disorders
Varicose veins
Prevention
Wear sunscreen
Elevate legs when resting
Wear elastic support stockings
Eating fiber diets
Exercise
Weight control
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

74. Circulatory disorders
Leading Causes of Death:
The Impact of Circulatory Disorders
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

75. Relevance of nutrients to the blood and circulatory system
The circulatory system plays a vital role in homeostasis
Absorption and transport of nutrients to cells, tissues, organs, and systems
Did you know???
Vitamin K-
prevents hemorrhage
Vitamin B12-
prevents anemia
Vitamin E-
prevents hemolysis
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system