1. Chapter 15 THE GREAT DEPRESSION
The American Nation In the Modern Era
4/17/2017
Chapter 15 THE GREAT DEPRESSION
Section 1: Prosperity Shattered
Section 2: Hard Times
Section 3: Hoover’s Policies
Chapter 16
CHAPTER 15--THE GREAT DEPRESSION

2. Objectives: Section 1: Prosperity Shattered
Why did financial experts issue warnings about business practices during the 1920s?
Why did the stock market crash in 1929?
How did the banking crisis and subsequent business failures signal the beginning of the Great Depression?
What were the main causes of the Great Depression?

3. Warnings about business practices
Section 1: Prosperity Shattered
farm crisis
“sick” industries
consumers’ reliance on credit
stock speculation

4. Reasons for the stock market crash of 1929
Section 1: Prosperity Shattered
Reasons for the stock market crash of 1929
Economic factors such as rising interest rates began to worry investors.
Investors sold stocks.
Stock prices dropped sharply, fueling panic.
Heavy selling continued.

5. Events signaling the Great Depression
Section 1: Prosperity Shattered
Banks failed due to heavy defaults, margin calls, and heavy withdrawals.
Bank failures deprived businesses of necessary resources and customers.
Businesses closed and workers lost their jobs.

6. Causes of the Great Depression
Section 1: Prosperity Shattered
The global economic crisis decreased exports.
Unequal distribution of income reduced the total purchasing power available in the economy.
Consumer debt undermined individuals and increased economic chaos.

7. Question: Why did the stock market crash in 1929? Prosperity Shattered
SECTION 1
Prosperity Shattered
Question:
Why did the stock market crash in 1929?

8. Prosperity Shattered SECTION 1 The Crash
Factors That Caused the Stock Market Crash
1. economic factors such as rising
interest rates worry investors
2. investors sell stocks
3. stock prices plunge
4. heavy sales continue
The Crash

9. What do you think Today?
What does this graph say about the differences in the Great Depression and the stock market down turn in 2008?
Is there Bias?
What factors would make this different?
Do you think this graph is Skewed?
Lets look at the source!

10. Objectives: Section 2: Hard Times
How did unemployment during the Great Depression affect the lives of American workers?
What hardships did urban and rural residents face during the depression?
How did the Great Depression affect family life and the attitudes of Americans?
How did popular culture offer an escape from the Great Depression?

11. Unemployment during the Great Depression
Section 2: Hard Times
Unemployment during the Great Depression
rose sharply
created severe financial problems
created severe emotional problems

12. Unemployment Graph

13. Unemployment Graph Approx. what was the unemployment rate in 1929?
In what year did unemployment peek?
Why did unemployment jump in 1937?

14. Hardships during the depression
Section 2: Hard Times
poverty
diminished expectations
low prices or lack of market for farm products
farm foreclosures
hunger
homelessness
deportation for aliens

15. Personal Income
WWII

16. Graph Questions
How long did it take for incomes to reach their previous high in 1929?
What event helped
Increase employment?
What caused the
Dip in income in 1937?

17. Great Depression’s effects on family life and attitudes of Americans
Section 2: Hard Times
Great Depression’s effects on family life and attitudes of Americans
fractured some families, forced others to band together for survival
divorce rates up
birth rates down
many psychological problems

18. Popular culture during the depression
Section 2: Hard Times
Popular culture during the depression
movies
radio
comic books and popular novels

19. SECTION 2
Hard Times
Question:
How did the depression affect both urban and rural residents?

20. Hard Times SECTION 2 The Great Depression in the City and the Country
RURAL
URBAN
• faced lower prices
for food products
• forced to let crops
rot and kill animals
• faced farm
foreclosures
• Mexican aliens
and immigrants
faced deportation
• received some aid from charities
• formed mutual-aid organizations
• experienced hunger
• experienced homelessness
• experienced poverty
• experienced diminished expectations

21. Objectives: Section 3: Hoover’s Policies
Why did President Hoover oppose government-sponsored direct relief for individuals during the Great Depression?
How did the Hoover administration attempt to solve the depression’s economic problems, and how successful were these efforts?
How did radicals and veterans respond to Hoover’s policies?
Why was Franklin D. Roosevelt such a popular candidate in the 1932 election?

22. Hoover’s opposition to government relief during the Great Depression
Section 3: Hoover’s Policies
Hoover’s opposition to government relief during the Great Depression
President Hoover believed that individuals and businesses should be self-reliant and that government help would create a bureaucracy.

23. Hoover’s attempts to solve economic problems
Section 3: Hoover’s Policies
Public-works programs such as building Boulder Dam failed to relieve entrenched depression.
The Federal Farm Board, which made loans, established cooperatives, and bought surplus goods, avoided some foreclosures, but failed to end the farm crisis.
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation, which loaned taxpayer money to stabilize industries, helped some companies avoid bankruptcy, but used money for businesses, not people.

24. Radical response to Hoover’s policies
Section 3: Hoover’s Policies
staged protests
became involved legally
Veterans’ response
gathered in Washington D.C. to demand payment of their pension bonuses

25. Reasons for Roosevelt’s popularity
Section 3: Hoover’s Policies
Roosevelt’s optimism and enthusiasm contrasted with Hoover’s gloom.
As governor of New York, Roosevelt had designed new relief programs.

26. The American Nation In the Modern Era
4/17/2017
Chapter 16 THE NEW DEAL
Section 1: Restoring Hope
Section 2: New Challenges
Section 3: Life in the New Deal Era
Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts
CHAPTER 16--THE NEW DEAL

27. Objectives: Section 1: Restoring Hope
How did the New Deal provide relief for the unemployed?
How did the New Deal promote industrial and agricultural recovery?
What were the New Deal goals for the Tennessee Valley region?
How did the Roosevelt administration address the concerns of African Americans and American Indians?

28. New Deal relief for the unemployed
Section 1: Restoring Hope
The FERA provided direct federal aid.
The CWA created jobs such as raking leaves and picking up litter.
The CCC put young men to work in parks and forests.

29. New Deal contributions to industrial and agricultural recovery
Section 1: Restoring Hope
New Deal contributions to industrial and agricultural recovery
NIRA passed to stimulate business activity and reduce unemployment
PWA initiated public works projects.
NRA encouraged businesses to draw up codes to regulate hours, prices, production levels, and wages.
Agricultural Adjustment Act created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, which paid farmers subsidies to grow less.

30. New Deal goals for the Tennessee Valley region
Section 1: Restoring Hope
New Deal goals for the Tennessee Valley region
provide flood control and combat soil erosion
provide electricity and improve the standard of living
combat malaria
combat illiteracy
provide recreational facilities

31. SECTION 1
Restoring Hope
Question:
What were the new Deal’s goals for the Tennessee River Valley?

32. provide recreational facilities improve standard of living
SECTION 1
Restoring Hope
provide flood control
provide electricity
provide recreational facilities
TVA Goals for the Tennessee River Valley
combat malaria
improve standard of living
combat illiteracy
combat soil erosion

33. The New Deal and African Americans
Section 1: Restoring Hope
The New Deal and African Americans
African Americans were appointed to government posts.
Federal Council on Negro Affairs was established.
Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt resigned her membership in the DAR and arranged for Marian Anderson to sing at the Lincoln Memorial to protest DAR actions.

34. The New Deal and American Indians
Section 1: Restoring Hope
The New Deal and American Indians
John Collier was appointed as commissioner of Indian Affairs.
The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 was passed.

35. Objectives: Section 2: New Challenges
What were the criticisms aimed at the New Deal?
How did the Second New Deal enable President Roosevelt to win re-election easily in 1936?
How did Roosevelt try to prevent the Supreme Court from overturning his programs?
How did the Second New Deal benefit labor and agriculture?
What was Roosevelt’s recession, and what effect did it have?

36. Criticism of the New Deal
Section 2: New Challenges
Criticism of the New Deal
claims that the New Deal was destroying the Constitution and free enterprise
accusations of “irresponsible ravings against millionaires and businessmen”
desire for pensions for Americans over 60
desire for government to nationalize banks and return to the silver standard
desire for the Share-Our-Wealth program

37. The Second New Deal and Roosevelt’s re-election in 1936
Section 2: New Challenges
The Second New Deal and Roosevelt’s re-election in 1936
included a broad range of programs, such as the WPA, the NYA, the Social Security Act, the REA, and the Revenue Act of 1935
won FDR support from many different Americans, including African Americans, farmers, labor union members, unemployed workers, and many Republicans

38. Roosevelt and the Supreme Court
The American Nation In the Modern Era
4/17/2017
Section 2: New Challenges
Roosevelt and the Supreme Court
Roosevelt attempted to prevent the Supreme Court from overturning his programs by asking Congress for the power to appoint one new justice for each justice over 70 years old. This was called “packing” the Court.
CHAPTER 16--THE NEW DEAL

39. Second New Deal benefits to labor and agriculture
Section 2: New Challenges
Second New Deal benefits to labor and agriculture
The Wagner-Connery Act guaranteed labor’s right to organize and bargain collectively.
The FSA provided low-interest, long-term loans to help tenant farmers and sharecroppers buy land.
The FSA also established camps providing shelter and medical care for migrant farmworkers.
The AAA of 1938 authorized subsidies to farmers who practiced soil conservation and crop reduction.

40. Roosevelt’s recession
Section 2: New Challenges
Roosevelt’s recession
In response to criticism about excessive spending, FDR reduced relief programs and public-works projects.
Recession occurred; factories closed and unemployment rose.
In response, FDR and Congress increased government spending.
As a result, unemployment declined and production increased.

41. Objectives: Section 3: Life in the New Deal Era
What were the effects of the Dust Bowl?
How did the New Deal agencies use photography to promote their goals?
How effective was the New Deal in ending the Great Depression?

42. Effects of the Dust Bowl
Section 3: Life in the New Deal Era
Effects of the Dust Bowl
Many farmers lost their land.
Dust Bowl farmers migrated west in search of work harvesting crops.
Migrants to the West Coast faced stiff competition for jobs.

43. Use of photography to promote New Deal goals
Section 3: Life in the New Deal Era
Use of photography to promote New Deal goals
New Deal workers hoped that photographs of suffering Americans would arouse support for the New Deal attempts at relief.
Photographs were used in government pamphlets.
Photographs illustrating the work of the government were published in magazines.

44. The New Deal’s effectiveness
Section 3: Life in the New Deal Era
The New Deal’s effectiveness
not completely effective in ending the Great Depression
provided jobs and improved people’s sense of self-worth
helped modernize the South
broke down class barriers
brought electricity to rural areas
boosted family incomes so children could stay in school

45. SECTION 3
Life in the New Deal Era
Question:
How did the New Deal improve the lives of ordinary Americans?

46. Life in the New Deal Era SECTION 3
boosted family incomes so that children could stay in school
helped modernize the South
New Deal Programs
broke down class barriers
provided jobs, improved people’s sense of self worth
brought electricity to rural areas

47. Objectives: Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts
How did Federal Project Number One aid writers and artists?
What common themes emerged in the novels, films, and plays of the New Deal Era?
How did music evolve in the 1930s?
What subject matter influenced American painters in the 1930s?

48. Federal Project Number One
Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts
Federal Project Number One
The Federal Writers’ Project hired writers to produce a number of works.
The Federal Theater Project hired theater artists to produce plays.
The Federal Music Project hired musicians to present musical productions.
The Federal Arts Project hired artists and designers to paint murals, produce posters, and teach art.

49. Common themes in novels during the New Deal Era
Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts
Common themes in novels during the New Deal Era
poverty and economic chaos
depression-era experiences of ethnic minorities

50. Common themes in films during the New Deal Era
Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts
Common themes in films during the New Deal Era
“escapist” themes
exploration of social issues

51. Common themes in plays during the New Deal Era
Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts
Common themes in plays during the New Deal Era
labor and class struggles
upper-class greed
traditional American values

52. Evolution of music in the 1930s
Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts
Evolution of music in the 1930s
use of folk songs and folktales
popularization of country music, gospel music, jazz, and swing

53. Influences on American painters
Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts
Influences on American painters
Jacob Lawrence: African American heroes
Georgia O’Keeffe: the southwestern landscape
the regionalists: rural United States
Grandma Moses: folk art

54. Can you answer the following?
CHAPTER 16
Chapter Wrap-Up
Can you answer the following?
 How did the Roosevelt administration expand the role of the federal government in regulating the economy?
 Why might the Supreme Court have declared some New Deal measures unconstitutional?
 What effects did migration from the Dust Bowl have on the West Coast? 