1. Presented by: Akindele Balogun.
Ice Free World??
Presented by:
Akindele Balogun.

2. The Earth is warmer today than it has been in many millennia.
Questions:
How warm has the earth been in the past?
What caused the warming?
How would the world be different if this was the case?

3. Was it always this way??

4. Or maybe like this……..

5. Weathering Index

7. LPTM/PETM(~55mya)
Paleocene- Eocene Thermal Maximum (also referred to as Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum).
Onset of both the thermal maximum and the Carbon Isotope Excursion (CIE)
Short-term biotic and paleoenvironmental changes

8. LPTM vs. PETM? Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

9. LPTM vs. PETM? Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

10. Cause of warming (Greenhouse Effect)
Release of CO2, CH4 and H2O into the atmosphere.
Dissociation of methane hydrates
-Volcanism
- Comet Impact
Failure of Carbon reservoir i.e. continental slopes

11. Evidence in Support of Ice Free World.
Warm-adapted vegetation (preserved at poles)
Global Sea level rise
Isotope data (Oxygen and Carbon)

12. High resolution records of the LPTM and circum-Caribbean volcanism: is there a casual link? Brawler et. al. (1997)
Rapid and changes in stable carbon isotope is due to volcanism
Volcanic activity in the Caribbean warmed high latitude waters – causing deep water supply from low latitude.
Dissociation of Methane hydites from warming deep waters.
Problem- Climate model and observed tropical warming in the LPTM are at odds with volcanic CO2 induced warming Mechanism.

13. Case for tropical warming
δ13C excursion at PETM coincides with small but significant decrease in δ18O - Indicating rise in SST.
Diminished CaCO3 at sites reflect shoaling of lysocline and CCD – CaCO3 dissolution is consistent with addition of massive amounts of carbon from the oxidized methane hydrates (Acidic Condition)
Lack of evidence of observed tropical warming is attributed to circum-Caribbean eruptions – Stratospheric sulfate aerosols (e.g. Pinatubo (1991).
Tephra (volcaniclasts) layers are more abundant in the PETM indicating lots of volcanic activity.

14. Bralower et al. LPTM paper

15. Benthic foraminifera extinction in the PETM, carbonate shift due to carbon isotope depletion during claystone diagenesis; formation of sulphides

17. Frequency of Tephra layers

19. Carbon cycling and chronology of climate warming during the Paleocene/Eocene transition. Norris and Rohl(1999)
Suggests that large shifts in δ13C at the PETM is due to dissociation of Methane hydrates – injection of 1, gtons of Carbon into Ocean & atmosphere
Used magnetochronology to establish that timing of –ive CIE coincides with extinction of benthic forams
Methane or another source supplied carbon into the atmosphere & oceans faster than it could be removed by burial.
Residence time of Carbon=120kyrs – similar to modeled response after massive input of methane
CO2 induced greenhouse warming due to collapse of hydrate reservoir and slope failure under warm water.

21. Peaks of maximum intensity rep 23k and 19k cycles

23. A case for comet impact trigger for the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum and carbon isotope excursion Kent et. al. (2003)
Hypothesize rapid CIE and dissociation of sea floor methane hydrate is as a result of comet impact

24. Evidence
Indirect evidence of impact- abundance of magnetic nanoparticles in Kaolinite rich shelf sediments
Sudden increase in kaolinite is thought to represent the redeposition on the marine shelf of rapidly weathered impact ejecta
Supporting evidence - Iridium anomaly at Paleocene/Eocene boundary
Anomalously high magnetized sediment were found at CIE

27. Interplanetary Dust Particles