1. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Topic 13 : Financial Management: Sources of Funds Lecturer: Zhu Wenzhong

2. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Key learning goals: This topic will introduce the major sources of funds for businesses, including internal and external sources, as well as the key factors affecting the choice of funds. 1. Explain the importance for a business to raise funds 2. State the internal sources of funds fro a business 3. State the external sources of funds for a business 4. State the difference between ordinary shares, preference and deferred shares 5. Explain the difference between the operating lease and the finance lease 6. Describe the major factors affecting the choice of funds LEARNING GOALS

3. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.  The need for funds: No business can live without funds. Throughout the life of a business, money is needed continuously. Firms raise money mainly to meet the following three types of need: 1. To start a business as initial expenditure; 2. To fund continuous business activities and money flowing; 3. To expand the business. Financial Management -Sources of Funds -Sources of Funds

4. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.  The need for funds: Question for your critical thinking: Please give some typical examples for the three types of needs for funds. Financial Management -Sources of Funds -Sources of Funds

5. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Financial Management -Sources of Funds  Sources of funds In general, a business may have two major sources of funds which are needed for its business operations. They are internal sources of funds and external sources of funds. See Figure 13-1 for details.

6. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Financial Management -Sources of Funds Table 13-1 Sources of Funds Sources of Funds Internal Sources ProfitDepreciationSales of assets External Sources Long-term: Share Capital Loan Capital Short term: Overdraft Leasing Credit card…

7. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.  The after-tax profit earned and retained by a business which is an important and inexpensive source of finance, for example, the retained earnings of the business. A large part of finance is funded from profit. Profit © PhotoDisc Financial Management -Internal Sources of Funds

8. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.  The financial provision for the replacement of worn-out machinery and equipment. Nearly all businesses use depreciation as a source of funds. Profit Depreciation © PhotoDisc Financial Management -Internal Sources of Funds

9. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.  Definition: The activity that a business sells off assets to raise funds for the business.  Reasons: When a business can not raise finance from banks or other sources, it may be forced to sell some assets, such as company cars, land property; or even subsidiary or associated company to solve its urgent financial problems (this activity is called divestment). Profit Depreciation © PhotoDisc Financial Management -Internal Sources of Funds Sales of Assets

10. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Financial Management -External Long-term Sources of Funds  Share capital: The most important source of funds for a limited company. It is often considered as permanent capital as it is not repaid by the business, but the shareholder can have a share in the profit, called dividend. Three types of shares are: 1. Ordinary shares: The most common types of shares, and the most riskiest shares since no guaranteed dividend. Dividend depends on how much profit is made by the firm. But all ordinary shareholders have voting rights. 2. Preference shares : The share owners receive a fixed rate of return. They carry less risk because shareholders are entitled to the dividend before the ordinary shares. But they are not strictly owners of the company. 3. Deferred shares : These shares are often held by the founders of the company. Deferred shareholders only receive the dividend after the ordinary shareholders have been paid.

11. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Financial Management - External Long-term Sources of Funds  Loan capital Definition: Any money which is borrowed for a long period of time by a business is called loan capital. Types: There are four major types of loan capital: Debentures, Mortgage, Loan specialists’ funds, Government assistance. See next page:

12. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Financial Management -External Long-term Sources of Funds  Types of loan capital: 1. Debentures : The holder of a debenture is a creditor of the company, not an owner. Holders are paid with an agreed fixed rate of return, but having no voting rights. The amount of money borrowed must be repaid by the expiry date. 2. Mortgage: These are long-term bank loans (usually over one year period) from banks or other financial institutions. The borrower’s land or property must be used as a security on such as a loan. 3. Loan specialists’ funds: These are venture capitalists or specialists who provide funds for small businesses, especially for high tech investment projects in their start-up stage. There are also individuals who invest in such businesses, which are often called ‘business angels’. 4. Government assistance: To encourage small businesses and high employment, governments may be involved in providing finance for businesses. In the USA, there is an organization which is called the Small Business Administration (SBA). SBA provides guarantees for small businesses’ loans and they even offer some loans themselves.

13. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Financial Management -External Short-term Sources of Funds  Definition: Short term sources of funds are usually the funds which are less than one year for maturity. They are less stable sources of funds for businesses.  Types: The main types of external short term sources of funds include: 1. Bank overdraft 2. Bank loan 3. Leasing 4. Credit card 5. Trade credit See the next page for details:

14. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 13-2 External short-term sources of loans Major typesMain characteristics Bank overdraft  This is a short term financing from banks.  The amount to be overdrawn depends on the needs of the business at the time and its credit standing.  Interest is calculated from the time the account is overdrawn.. Bank loan  This is a loan which requires a rigid agreement between the borrower and the bank. The amount borrowed must be repaid over a certain period or in regular installments.  Sometimes, banks change persistent overdrafts into loans, so borrowers must repay at regular intervals. Leasing  Leasing allows businesses to buy plant, machinery or equipment without paying large sums of money immediately.  The leasing company or bank hires or buys the equipment and for the use of the hire company for a certain period of time. If the user can never owns the equipment, it is an operating lease, while if it is given the choice to own the equipment at the expiry time, it is a finance lease.  Lease payments are made by the hire company yearly or monthly, etc.

15. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 13-2 External short-term sources of loans (continued) Major typesMain characteristics Credit card  Credit cards can be used to pay for hotel bills, meals, shopping and materials, etc. They are convenient, and secure because it can avoid the use of cash and the payment of interests within credit periods.  Cards may not be suitable for certain purchases, especially a large sum of order because they have a credit limit. Trade credit  It is a common method for businesses to buy materials and to pay for them at a later date, usually between 30 and 90 days. Such trade credit given by the seller is usually an interest free way of short term financing. Financial Management -External Short-term Sources of Funds

16. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Financial Management -Factors affecting the choice of funds Costs of the fund Costs in terms of interest payments and other expenses: Long term and short term. Use or purpose of funds For example, the building of a new plant is usually financed by mortgage or share capital, while the purchase of raw materials by trade credit or bank overdraft. Status and size of the business For a large firm, there are more sources of finance and often with lower interest rates. Financial situations of a firm For example, a business in poor financial situation is forced to pay high interest rate for loans. And the bank often requires security or collaterals for their financing.

17. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Financial Management -Factors affecting the choice of funds Gearing condition (ratio) of the firm 传动比率 : 公司 资本中债务的比率，即资产 (assets) 与负债 (liability) 的比率 : Definition: Gearing is the relationship between the loan capital and share capital of a business. High geared companies have a larger share of loan capital to share capital. Low geared ones have a small amount of loan capital. Impact over a firm: High gearing may mean ‘no loss of ownership’ but high risk of liquidity since interest rates may change and loans must be repaid in time. Low gearing may mean some loss of ownership but no burden of loans and interest payments.

18. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.  Question for your critical thinking: If you are the manager, do you prefer high gearing or lower gearing for your firm? And why so? Financial Management -Sources of Funds -Sources of Funds

19. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Sources of Funds Debt capital — funds obtained through borrowing. Equity capital — funds provided by the firm ’ s owners when they reinvest earnings, make additional contributions, or issue stock to investors.

20. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Debt and Equity Capital: Two Basic Sources of Funds

21. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Comparison of Debt and Equity Capital

22. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Sources of Funds Long term Sources of Funds Leverage 杠杆作用, 影响力 — technique of increasing the rate of return on an investment by financing it with borrowed funds The key to managing leverage is ensuring that the company ’ s earnings remain larger than its interest payments, which increases the leverage on the rate of return on shareholders ’ investment

23. Copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. How Leverage Works