1. Political Participation and Voting

2. Political participation Refer to all the activities that Introduce influence of the citizen on the decision- making process participate to support / reject the government / decision conventional & unconventional

3. Conventional & Unconventional Conventional …. follow the the political system voting, campaigning, lobbying officials Unconventional …. do not follow the routinised institutional forms of politics protest, demonstration, violence, revolution

4. Forms of political participation …. Implied a hierarchy of participation Gladiatorial activities (holding office, memberships of organisations) Spectator activities (temporary, limited involvement) …. and non-participation

5. Acts of participation Holding / seeking office Active membership of organisation Passive membership of organisation Participation in action (meeting, demonstration) Participation in informal political discussion Voting General interest … then, non-participation

6. Forms of non-participation Political apathy (passivity, abstention) Cynicism (distaste, disenchantment) Alienation (hostility, divorce) Anomie (loss of value and direction)

7. Why participate or not participate Exchange concept (perceived consequence - get or avoid [tangible, intangible]) Value of participation / non-participation (believe in democracy, citizen power or responsibility, efficacy etc.) Absence of stimuli (being motivated, direct relevancy etc.)

8. Who participate and not participate (voting as example)

9. Political participation in HK Voting as indicator of participation Membership of organisation as participation Poverty of social protest Flourish of opinion in public discussion (e.g. media)

10. Voters Turnout Rate