1. The Worldwide Graphic Language for Design
Chapter 1

2. Objectives Describe the role of drawings in the design process
Contrast concurrent versus traditional design processes
List five professions that use technical drawings

3. Objectives (cont.) Describe four creativity techniques
Explain why standards are important
Identify uses of the graphic language

4. Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings
Drawings and specifications control details of:
Product manufacture
Assembly
Maintenance
Technical drawings require use of standards to communicate worldwide

5. Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings
Technical drawings can take many forms including:
Idea or concept sketches
Computation sketches
Design sketches
Layout drawings
Part drawings

6. Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings
Technical drawing forms (cont.)
Working or construction drawings
Electrical drawings
Installation drawings
Assembly drawings

7. Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings
Technical drawings typically serve one of three purposes:
Visualization
Communication
Documentation

8. Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings
A wide variety of professions use technical drawings to communicate and document designs including:
Civil engineering
Mechanical engineering
Electrical engineering
Landscape design
Landscape architecture

9. Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings
Professions that use technical drawings (cont.)
Industrial design
Construction engineering and technology
Patternmaking
Project management
Fabrication and manufacturing

10. Artistic & Technical Drawings
Graphic representation has developed along two distinct lines:
Artistic
Technical

11. Artistic & Technical Drawings
Before other communication methods developed, people informed themselves through visual means including pictures
From earliest recorded history, drawings have been used to represent the design of objects to be built or constructed

12. Artistic & Technical Drawings
Personal or cultural expression in design is often referred to as aesthetic design
Enhancing product development is considered functional design
Aesthetics and function can work hand in hand to create appealing and functional products

13. The Design Process
The organized and orderly approach to solving problems is known as the design process
The engineering design process addresses society’s needs, desires, and problems by applying scientific principles, experience and creativity

14. The Design Process
Different types of technical drawings, from hand sketches to CAD models, have specific functions in the engineering design process
The procedure for designing products typically follows a process

15. The Design Process Stages of the design process include:
Problem identification
Ideation
Refinement/analysis
Implementation/documentation

16. The Design Process

17. The Design Process
Ideally, the design moves through these stages but it may be necessary to return to a previous stage and repeat the process

18. Concurrent Engineering
Traditionally, design and manufacturing activities have taken place in sequential order
Although this is a logical approach, in practice it can often be wasteful
Concurrent engineering is a systematic approach that integrates the design and manufacture of products with the goal of optimizing the process

19. Concurrent Engineering

20. Concurrent Engineering
Life cycle design means that all aspects of a product are considered simultaneously
These aspects include:
Design
Development
Production
Distribution
Use
Disposal and recycling

21. Concurrent Engineering
The basic goals of concurrent engineering are:
Minimize product design and engineering changes
Reduce time and cost involved in taking a product from design concept to production then introduction to the marketplace
Communication between disciplines is especially important in this process

22. Computer-Aided Design and Product Development
Product design often involves preparing analytical and physical models of the product
These models are used to study factors such as forces, stresses, deflections, and optimal part shape

23. Computer-Aided Design and Product Development
The process of constructing and studying analytical models can be simplified by using:
Computer-aided design (CAD)
Computer-aided engineering (CAE)
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

24. Designing Quality Into Products
Quality may be designed into a product in any number of systematic ways including:
DFSS – Design for Six Sigma
DMAIC – Define Measure Analyze Improve Control
Six Sigma
QFD – Quality Function Deployment

25. The Digital Database
All the information to manage, design, analyze, simulate, package, market and manufacture a product can be shared with users through a single complex digital database

26. The Digital Database
Systems that electronically store the various types of data associated with design and manufacturing include:
PDM – product data management
EDM – enterprise data management

27. The Digital Database
Engineering change orders (ECOs), costs, and product revisions can be quickly analyzed, tracked, and implemented using PDM or EDM systems

28. Engineering Design Stages
Identify the customer and the problem
Engineering Design Stage 2
Generate concepts – this is often called the ideation stage
Engineering Design Stage 3
Compromise solutions

29. Engineering Design Stages
Models and prototypes
Parametric, constraint-based, or feature-based models use dimensions and constraints that create “intelligent” models
As designs are modified, the model can be updated and new models do not have to be created
Rapid prototyping
Allows parts to be created quickly and directly from 3D models

30. Engineering Design Stages
Production or Working drawings
The drawings show:
Necessary views
Material
Dimensions
Required tolerances
Notes
Other information to sufficiently describe a part for manufacture

31. Drafting Standards
Standards are necessary to support a uniform, effective, graphic language that can be used in industry, manufacturing, engineering, and science

32. Drafting Standards
Groups in the United States who provide standards include:
ANSI – the American National Standards Institute
ASEE – the American Society for Engineering Education
SAE – the Society of Automotive Engineers
ASME – the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

33. Drafting Standards
International standards are often defined by the following groups:
ISO – International Standards Organization
ASME
ANSI

34. Creativity Techniques
Examine manufactured products
Reverse engineering
Functional decomposition
Study the natural world
Watch the Web
Research patent drawings
Design groups

35. Product Definition
Product definition is the range of digital or hard copy documents that specify the physical function requirements for a product
This can range from a 3D CAD model that specifies manufacturing requirements within the CAD file to a dimensioned paper sketch

36. Product Definition