1. ACCELERATORS Timothy Koeth Rutgers University

2. Machines: Motivation History –Failed attempts –Linear accelerator concepts –Cyclotron –LINAC –Syncrocyclotron (Frequecy Modulated cyclotron) Even Bigger Physics

3. Nuclear Investigations Naturally occurring radiations provided

4. “Start the ball rolling…” 1927: Lord Rutherford requested a “copious supply” of projectiles more energetic than natural alpha and beta particles. At the opening of the resulting High Tension Laboratory, Rutherford went on to reiterate the goal: What we require is an apparatus to give us a potential of the order of 10 million volts which can be safely accommodated in a reasonably sized room and operated by a few kilowatts of power. We require too an exhausted tube capable of withstanding this voltage… I see no reason why such a requirement cannot be made practical.

5. FAILED ATTEMPTS 1928: Curt Urban, Arno Brasch, and Fritz Lange successfully achieved 15 MV by harnessing lightning in the Italian Alps ! The two who survived the experiment went on to design an accelerator tube capable of withstanding that voltage.

6. FAILED ATTEMPTS 1930 Intense power requirement Insulator technology was not available –Large oil filled tanks “acchived” 5 MV –Still, no capable accelerating tube available

7. Try, try and try again Brash

8. 1927: The Million Volt Barrier Some Problems in getting HV Voltage Generators Insulators