1. Today’s Topics Democracy Assistance and Indirect External Influences on Democracy 1.Finishing democracy assistance. 2.How indirect international factors may encourage democratization. 1.Demonstration effects. 2.International norms and conventions.

2. Problems of Implementation

3. Problems of Implementation 1.Universal “Democracy Template” (Carothers) –Same basket of strategies worldwide, regardless of local variations. –Based on what exists at home rather than any theoretical logic or analysis.

4. Problems of Implementation 2.Success in designing institutions, but not changing the way they function. –Perfect institutions may be set up, but then operate in undemocratic ways. –e.g. Central Asia.

5. Problems of Implementation 3.Detachment of assistance recipients from grassroots population. –Westernized elites trained and funded, but they have no connection to ordinary citizens.

6. Problems of Implementation 4.Lack of sustainability. –Unlikely that progress made through foreign assistance can continue once foreign support removed. –e.g. NGO development, bureaucratic agency reform.

7. Problems of Implementation 5.Donor obstacles to improvement. –Competition among donors  lack of information-sharing.

8. Some recent improvements in assistance strategies 1.More use of trainers from similar regions or same country. 2.Realization that programs need staff members who know the local context well. 3.Some improvement in foreign donor information sharing.

9. Indirect External Forces: Globalization, Diffusion, and the Snowball Effect

10. International influences that may encourage democracy 1.Demonstration effects. 2.International norms/ conventions. 3.Decolonization. 4.Economic globalization (?).

11. Demonstration Effects or “Snowballing” Democratization in one country can perhaps lead to democratization in other countries.

12. Demonstration Effects or “Snowballing” Characteristics 1.More important in the third wave, due to expanded communications and transportation. Travel and cultural exchange. Communications technology to link with outside world.

13. Demonstration Effects or “Snowballing” Characteristics 2.Tend to be clustered in particular regions. Portugal  Spain  Latin America. Philippines  South Korea. Eastern Europe. Now post-Communist “Colour Revolutions”.

14. Demonstration Effects or “Snowballing” Characteristics 3.Can jump from region to region, but weaker. Eastern Europe  Zaire & Nepal (incomplete transitions).

15. Demonstration Effects or “Snowballing” Characteristics 4.Speed up and grow in importance during wave of democratic transitions. Pro-democracy movements elsewhere begin to think democratization is natural outcome.

16. Demonstration Effects or “Snowballing” How do demonstration effects work on actors? 1.Democratization in similar, nearby countries can inspire fear in authoritarian leaders. E.g. President Mobutu of Zaire, King of Nepal.

17. Demonstration Effects or “Snowballing” How do demonstration effects work on actors? 2.Changing ideas within Catholic Church influenced some cases. E.g. South Korea – Cardinal Kim.

18. Demonstration Effects or “Snowballing” How do demonstration effects work on actors? 3.Often greatest effect on confidence of nongovernmental opposition. E.g. Eastern Europe and USSR.

19. Demonstration Effects or “Snowballing” How important is it overall? Not as important as domestic factors. However, some cases of snowballing where no prior domestic support. –E.g. Albania. –But resulting democracy not stable.

20. International Norms and Conventions Governments sign international conventions that demand democratic behaviour, with no intention of complying. Domestic opposition forces then demand compliance with international standards. –E.g. USSR & Helsinki Accords (1975).

21. International Norms and Conventions “Democracy” as universal international norm. –China, Iran, North Korea, Zimbabwe call themselves democracies – potential fuel for domestic mobilization.

22. International Norms and Conventions Desire to join international organizations  incentive for democratic consolidation. –E.g. European Union candidates.