1. Mixed-Methods and Mixed-Model Designs Leslie 9810008m Sarbina9810002m

2. Outline Definition and Characteristics Importance in Educational and Psychological research Philosophical Assumptions: Pragmatism, Mixing Paradigms, and Transformation

3. Definition and Characteristics It uses both qualitative and quantitative methods in the design, data collection, and analysis. First, using quantitative analysis, and then followed by content analysis of qualitative data.

4. Importance in Educational and Psychological research We are able to obtain a more complete picture of human behavior and experience. You have to provide broader and deeper understanding of the issue.

5. Philosophical Assumptions: Pragmatism, Mixing Paradigms, and Transformation Pragmatic paradigm  Researcher determines which method to use to answer a specific research question.  e.g., find a problem/ issue and use a method for solutions.  Conduct the study and anticipate the results based on researcher’s own values and explanations. (the result may match their value system)

6. Philosophical Assumptions: Pragmatism, Mixing Paradigms, and Transformation Transformative paradigm  Emphasize minority group’s values and viewpoints for “social change”.

7. Mixed-Methods/Models Designs Options

8. Mixed-Methods/Models Designs: 4 options Pragmatic parallel mixed-methods Pragmatic sequential mixed-methods Transformative parallel mixed-methods Transformative sequential mixed-methods

9. Pragmatic parallel mixed-methods  Purpose: To answer researcher’s questions  Collect quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously or with a small time lag.  No data analysis

10. Pragmatic sequential mixed-method  Purpose: To answer researcher’s questions  Collect and analyze one type of data as a basis for another type of data. ex: Quantitative Qualitative  The second strand of research is to confirm or disconfirm the first strand

11. Transformative parallel mixed-method  Purpose: To promote social or political change  Focus on marginalized groups’ opinions  Collect quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously or with a small time lag.  No data analysis

12. Transformative sequential mixed-method  Purpose: To promote social or political change  Focus on marginalized groups’ opinions  Collect and analyze one type of data as a basis for another type of data. ex: Quantitative Qualitative  The second strand of research is to confirm or disconfirm the first strand

13. Questions for Critically Analyzing Mixed-Methods Research

14. Inference quality would be termed internal validity (quantitative) or trustworthiness (qualitative). Consistency means the appropriate usage of research purpose, questions and methods. Need to link the conflicts between quantitative and qualitative. Need to take demographic factors into account. ex: gender/ reading or writing level/ disability

15. Questions you need to ask yourselves

16. What are your purposes and questions? Do you use the appropriate methods to your purposes and questions? To what extent do you have to adhere to the criteria that define quality for the quantitative portion of the study?(ex: internal validity, external validity, reliability, objectivity)

17. To what extent do you have to adhere to the criteria that define quality for the qualitative portion of the study?(ex: credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability, authenticity, transformative) How do you solve conflicts during the process of design and implementation of the study? What is the limitations for generalization?

18. How do you integrate the results from the mixed- methods? How do you explain the conflicting findings if necessary? How do you control and explain the factors of gender, language levels, etc?

19. Thank you for listening