2. Embedded Computer Systems Chapter1: Embedded Computing Eng. Husam Y. Alzaq Islamic University of Gaza

3. 2 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Introduction Why do we embed microprocessors in systems? What are embedded computing systems? Challenges in embedded computing system design. Design methodologies. System Specification Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

4. 3 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Definition Embedded computing system: any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself a general-purpose computer. Take advantage of application characteristics to optimize the design:  don’t need all the general-purpose bells and whistles. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

5. 4 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Embedding a computer CPU mem input output analog embedded computer Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

6. 5 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Examples Cell phone. Printer. Automobile: engine, brakes, dash, etc. Airplane: engine, flight controls, nav/comm. Digital television. Household appliances. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

7. 6 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Early history Late 1940’s: MIT Whirlwind computer was designed for real-time operations.  Originally designed to control an aircraft simulator. First microprocessor was Intel 4004 in early 1970’s. HP-35 calculator used several chips to implement a microprocessor in 1972. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

8. 7 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Early history, cont ’ d. Automobiles used microprocessor-based engine controllers starting in 1970’s.  Control fuel/air mixture, engine timing, etc.  Multiple modes of operation: warm-up, cruise, hill climbing, etc.  Provides lower emissions, better fuel efficiency. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

9. 8 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Microprocessor varieties Microcontroller: includes I/O devices, on- board memory. Digital signal processor (DSP): microprocessor optimized for digital signal processing. Typical embedded word sizes: 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

10. 9 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Application examples Simple control: front panel of microwave oven, etc. Canon EOS 3 has three microprocessors.  32-bit RISC CPU runs autofocus and eye control systems. Digital TV: programmable CPUs + hardwired logic for video/audio decode, menus, etc. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

11. 10 Application areas (1) Aerospace  Navigation systems, automatic landing systems, flight attitude controls, engine controls, space exploration (e.g., the Mars Pathfinder). Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

12. 11 Application areas (2) Automotive  Fuel injection control, passenger environmental controls, anti-lock braking, air bag controls, GPS mapping. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

13. 12 Application areas (3) Children's Toys  Nintendo's "Game Boy", Mattel's "My Interactive Pooh", Tiger Electronics’ "Furby". Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

14. 13 Application areas (4) Motorcycles Trains Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

15. 14 Application areas (5) Telecommunication  Satellites; network routers, switches, hubs. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

16. 15 Application areas (6) Home  Dishwashers, microwave ovens, VCRs, televisions, stereos, fire/security alarm systems, lawn sprinkler controls, thermostats, cameras, clock radios, answering machines. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

17. 16 Application areas (7) Office Automation  FAX machines, copiers, telephones, and cash registers. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

18. 17 Application areas (8) Consumer electronics Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

19. 18 Application areas (9) Personal  Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), pagers, cell phones, wristwatches, videogames, portable MP3 players, GPS. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

20. 19 Application areas (10) Medical  Imaging systems (e.g., XRAY, MRI, and ultrasound), patient monitors, and heart pacers. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

21. 20 Application areas (11) Smart buildings Fabrication equipment Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

22. 21 Application areas (12) Robotics „Pipe-climber“ Robot „Johnnie“ (Courtesy and ©: H.Ulbrich, F. Pfeiffer, TU München) Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

23. 22 Application areas (13) Industrial  Elevator controls, surveillance systems  Robotics Robot „Johnnie“ (Courtesy and ©: H.Ulbrich, F. Pfeiffer, TU München) Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

24. 23 Pedometer Obvious computer work:  Count steps  Keep time  Averages  etc. Hard computer work:  Actually identify when a step is taken  Sensor feels motion of device, not of user feet Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

25. 24 Mobile phones Multiprocessor  8-bit/32-bit for UI  DSP for signals  32-bit in IR port  32-bit in Bluetooth 8-100 MB of memory All custom chips Power consumption & battery life depends on software Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

26. 25 Telecom Switch Rack-based  Control cards  IO cards  DSP cards ... Optical & copper connections Digital & analog signals Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

27. 26 Sewing Machine User interface  Embroidery patterns  Touch-screen control ”Smart”  Sets pressure of foot depending on task  Raise foot when stopped New functions added by upgrading the software Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

28. 27 Forestry Machines Networked computer system  Controlling arms & tools  Navigating the forest  Recording the trees harvested  Crucial to efficient work Processors  16-bit processors in a network Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

29. 28 Operator Panel Embedded PC  Graphical display  Touch panel  Joystick  Buttons  Keyboard But tough enough to be “out in the woods” Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

30. 29 Extremely Large Functions requiring computers:  Radar  Weapons  Damage control  Navigation  basically everything Computers:  Large servers  1000s of processors Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

31. 30 Inside your PC Custom processors  Graphics, sound 32-bit processors  IR, Bluetooth  Network, WLAN  Harddisk  RAID controllers 8-bit processors  USB  Keyboard, mouse Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

32. 31 Cars Functions by embedded processing:  ABS: Anti-lock braking systems  ESP: Electronic stability control  Airbags  Efficient automatic gearboxes  Theft prevention with smart keys  Blind-angle alert systems ... etc... Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

33. 32 Cars Large diversity in processor types:  8-bit – door locks, lights, etc.  16-bit – most functions  32-bit – engine control, airbags Form follows function  Processing where the action is  Sensors and actuators distributed all over the vehicle Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.© 2010 Husam Alzaq

34. 33 Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

35. 34 © 2010 Husam AlzaqComputers as Components, 2 nd ed. Automotive embedded systems Today’s high-end automobile may have 100 microprocessors:  4-bit microcontroller checks seat belt;  microcontrollers run dashboard devices;  16/32-bit microprocessor controls engine.

36. 35 © 2010 Husam Alzaq BMW 850i brake and stability control system Anti-lock brake system (ABS): pumps brakes to reduce skidding. Automatic stability control (ASC+T): controls engine to improve stability. ABS and ASC+T communicate.  ABS was introduced first---needed to interface to existing ABS module. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

37. 36 © 2010 Husam Alzaq BMW 850i, cont ’ d. brake sensor brake sensor brake sensor brake sensor ABS hydraulic pump Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

38. 37 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Characteristics of embedded systems Sophisticated functionality. Real-time operation. Low manufacturing cost. Low power. Designed to tight deadlines by small teams. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

39. 38 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Functional complexity Often have to run sophisticated algorithms or multiple algorithms.  Cell phone, laser printer. Often provide sophisticated user interfaces. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

40. 39 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Real-time operation Must finish operations by deadlines.  Hard real time: missing deadline causes failure.  Soft real time: missing deadline results in degraded performance. Many systems are multi-rate: must handle operations at widely varying rates. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

41. 40 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Non-functional requirements Many embedded systems are mass-market items that must have low manufacturing costs.  Limited memory, microprocessor power, etc. Power consumption is critical in battery- powered devices.  Excessive power consumption increases system cost even in wall-powered devices. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

42. 41 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Design teams Often designed by a small team of designers. Often must meet tight deadlines.  6 month market window is common.  Can’t miss back-to-school window for calculator. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

43. 42 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Why use microprocessors? Alternatives: field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), custom logic, etc. Microprocessors are often very efficient: can use same logic to perform many different functions. Microprocessors simplify the design of families of products. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

44. 43 © 2010 Husam Alzaq The performance paradox Microprocessors use much more logic to implement a function than does custom logic. But microprocessors are often at least as fast:  heavily pipelined;  large design teams;  aggressive VLSI technology. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

45. 44 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Power Custom logic uses less power, but CPUs have advantages:  Modern microprocessors offer features to help control power consumption.  Software design techniques can help reduce power consumption. Heterogeneous systems: some custom logic for well-defined functions, CPUs+software for everything else. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

46. 45 Platforms Embedded computing platform: hardware architecture + associated software. Many platforms are multiprocessors. Examples:  Single-chip multiprocessors for cell phone baseband.  Automotive network + processors. © 2010 Husam AlzaqComputers as Components, 2 nd ed.

47. 46 The physics of software Computing is a physical act.  Software doesn’t do anything without hardware. Executing software consumes energy, requires time. To understand the dynamics of software (time, energy), we need to characterize the platform on which the software runs. © 2010 Husam AlzaqComputers as Components, 2 nd ed.

48. 47 What does “ performance ” mean? In general-purpose computing, performance often means average-case, may not be well- defined. In real-time systems, performance means meeting deadlines.  Missing the deadline by even a little is bad.  Finishing ahead of the deadline may not help. © 2010 Husam AlzaqComputers as Components, 2 nd ed.

49. 48 Characterizing performance We need to analyze the system at several levels of abstraction to understand performance:  CPU.  Platform.  Program.  Task.  Multiprocessor. © 2010 Husam AlzaqComputers as Components, 2 nd ed.

50. 49 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Challenges in embedded system design How much hardware do we need?  How big is the CPU? Memory? How do we meet our deadlines?  Faster hardware or cleverer software? How do we minimize power?  Turn off unnecessary logic? Reduce memory accesses? Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

51. 50 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Challenges, etc. Does it really work?  Is the specification correct?  Does the implementation meet the spec?  How do we test for real-time characteristics?  How do we test on real data? How do we work on the system?  Observability, controllability?  What is our development platform? Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

52. 51 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Design methodologies A procedure for designing a system. Understanding your methodology helps you ensure you didn’t skip anything. Compilers, software engineering tools, computer-aided design (CAD) tools, etc., can be used to:  help automate methodology steps;  keep track of the methodology itself. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

53. 52 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Design goals Performance.  Overall speed, deadlines. Functionality and user interface. Manufacturing cost. Power consumption. Other requirements (physical size, etc.) Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

54. 53 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Levels of abstraction requirements specification architecture component design system integration Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

55. 54 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Top-down vs. bottom-up Top-down design:  start from most abstract description;  work to most detailed. Bottom-up design:  work from small components to big system. Real design uses both techniques. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

56. 55 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Stepwise refinement At each level of abstraction, we must:  analyze the design to determine characteristics of the current state of the design;  refine the design to add detail. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

57. 56 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Requirements Plain language description of what the user wants and expects to get. May be developed in several ways:  talking directly to customers;  talking to marketing representatives;  providing prototypes to users for comment. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

58. 57 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Functional vs. non-functional requirements Functional requirements:  output as a function of input. Non-functional requirements:  time required to compute output;  size, weight, etc.;  power consumption;  reliability;  etc. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

59. 58 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Our requirements form Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

60. 59 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Example: GPS moving map requirements Moving map obtains position from GPS, paints map from local database. lat: 40 13 lon: 32 19 I-78 Scotch Road Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

61. 60 © 2010 Husam Alzaq GPS moving map needs Functionality: For automotive use. Show major roads and landmarks. User interface: At least 400 x 600 pixel screen. Three buttons max. Pop-up menu. Performance: Map should scroll smoothly. No more than 1 sec power-up. Lock onto GPS within 15 seconds. Cost: $120 street price = approx. $30 cost of goods sold. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

62. 61 © 2010 Husam Alzaq GPS moving map needs, cont ’ d. Physical size/weight: Should fit in hand. Power consumption: Should run for 8 hours on four AA batteries. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

63. 62 © 2010 Husam Alzaq GPS moving map requirements form Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

64. 63 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Specification A more precise description of the system:  should not imply a particular architecture;  provides input to the architecture design process. May include functional and non-functional elements. May be executable or may be in mathematical form for proofs. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

65. 64 © 2010 Husam Alzaq GPS specification Should include:  What is received from GPS;  map data;  user interface;  operations required to satisfy user requests;  background operations needed to keep the system running. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

66. 65 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Architecture design What major components go satisfying the specification? Hardware components:  CPUs, peripherals, etc. Software components:  major programs and their operations. Must take into account functional and non- functional specifications. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

67. 66 © 2010 Husam Alzaq GPS moving map block diagram GPS receiver search engine renderer user interface database display Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

68. 67 © 2010 Husam Alzaq GPS moving map hardware architecture GPS receiver CPU panel I/O display frame buffer memory Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

69. 68 © 2010 Husam Alzaq GPS moving map software architecture position database search renderer timer user interface pixels Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

70. 69 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Designing hardware and software components Must spend time architecting the system before you start coding. Some components are ready-made, some can be modified from existing designs, others must be designed from scratch. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

71. 70 © 2010 Husam Alzaq System integration Put together the components.  Many bugs appear only at this stage. Have a plan for integrating components to uncover bugs quickly, test as much functionality as early as possible. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.

72. 71 © 2010 Husam Alzaq Summary Embedded computers are all around us.  Many systems have complex embedded hardware and software. Embedded systems pose many design challenges: design time, deadlines, power, etc. Design methodologies help us manage the design process. Computers as Components, 2 nd ed.