1. Introduction to SPSS Graphing/t Test Procedures

2. Graphing  Bar Simple vs. Clustered  1 IV vs. multiple IV’s  “Bars Represent” = y-axis # of Cases (in each group) Cumulative Num of Cases % of Cases Cumulative % of Cases Other Summary Function (default is mean)  Change Summary – to use stat other than mean  “Category Axis” = x-axis

3. Bar Chart

4. Line Chart  Line Basically, same as Bar More accurate if IV groups form continuum (polychotomized artificially) Simple vs. Multiple  Same as Simple vs. Clustered

5. Line Chart

6. Area Chart  Area Same as Line and Bar

7. Pie Chart  Pie “Summaries for Groups of Cases”  Choose one discrete variable (with multiple groups)  Same as Bar, Line, Area charts “Summaries of Separate Variables”  Choose several dimensional variables (without subgroups) and SPSS combines them for you “Values of Individual Cases”  Don’t worry about this one

8. Pie Chart

9. Boxplot  Boxplot Simple vs. Clustered

10. Histogram  Histogram Really just a bar chart that displays “Num of Cases” only Click “Display Normal Curve” to inspect if your distribution deviates from normal

11. One-Sample t Test  Tests for difference between sample mean and pre-determined population mean Click “Analyze”  “Compare Means”  “One- Sample T Test…” “Test Value” = Predetermined population mean Options:  Exclude Cases Listwise = If multiple variables used, only use cases that have values on ALL variables  Exclude Cases Analysis by Analysis

12. One-Sample T Test

13. Paired-Samples t Test  Tests if two related samples differ significantly from one another Click “Analyze”  “Compare Means”  “Paired-Samples T Test…”

14. Paired-Samples t Test

15. Independent-Samples t Test  Tests if two unrelated samples differ significantly from one another Click “Analyze”  “Compare Means”  “Independent-Samples T Test…” “Test Variable(s)” = DV “Grouping Variable” = IV  Click “Define Groups…” MergeFile1.sav – Male = 1; Female = 0 If IV dimensional, can use cut point to create groups – i.e. x > 7 = Grp 1, x ≤ 7 = Grp 2 Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances  If significant, equal variances cannot be assumed

16. Independent-Samples t Test