1. CA Def & Meas1 CHILD ABUSE: DEFINITION AND RATES Soc 695 Family Violence In Research World Perspective Murray A. Straus  HOW MUCH CHILD ABUSE IS THERE? DEPENDS ON SOURCE OF DATA  CASES KNOWN TO CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES * About a million cases per year (2000 rates) * A fraction of the real total * Percent of these million cases (not percent of all children) Neglect 63% Physical abuse 19% Sexual abuse 10 % The million cases known to CPS are a fraction of the real number The most frequent

2. CA Def & Meas2 PHYSICAL ABUSE DEFINITION AN ACT CARRIED OUT BY A CAREGIVER WITH THE INTENTION OF CAUSING CHILD TO EXPERIENCE SEVERE PHYSICAL PAIN OR PHYSICAL INJURY WHAT IF THERE IS NO PHYSICAL INJURY? WHAT THE LAW SAYS AND WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS " injured or high risk of injury"

3. CA Def & Meas3 TWO WAYS OF DRAWING THE LINE BETWEEN CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND PHYSICAL ABUSE  CULTURAL NORMS DEFINE WHAT IS ABUSE  INJURY TO THE CHILD DEFINES WHAT IS ABUSE EXAMPLE OF HITTING WITH A BELT OR HAIR BRUSH New Hampshire Supreme Court Decision Sweden OTHER POINTS Hitting or attempting to hit another adult is a crime even `when it does not cause injury Regardless of physical injury, both physical abuse and corporal punishment cause psychological injury.

4. CA Def & Meas4 CHILD ABUSE DEATHS IN THE USA About 1,500 a year in recent years = About 4 children every day STUDIES OF DEATH RECORDS & AUTOPSY REPORTS: MANY CASES MISSED IN OFFICIAL RECORDS – ACTUAL RATE COULD BE MUCH HIGHER % of Child Deaths Due to Maltreatment but Not Coded as Such McClain et al. (1993) Missouri 85% Crume et al. (2002) Colorado 1990 through 199850% Giddens et al. (1999) North Carolina 985 to 199460%

5. CA Def & Meas5 USA: 1,500 PER YEAR; 4 PER DAY HOW DOES THE USA COMPARE WITH OTHER NATIONS?

6. CA Def & Meas6 OF NON-FATAL PHYSICAL ABUSE 0.1% 2.3 or 11% ILLUSTRATES THE DIFFERENCE THAT THE MEASURE CAN MAKE WHAT BEHAVIORS ARE INCLUDED 0.9% 23 TO 100 TIMES GREATER

7. CA Def & Meas7 CTSPC PARENT-CHILD CTS QUESTIONS ON PHYSICAL ABUSE

8. CA Def & Meas8 ARAB ADOLESCENTS FATHER MOTHER SIBLING

9. CA Def & Meas9

10. 10 How often did your caregivers push, grab, shove, or slap you? Never46 Rarely25 Sometimes18 Often3 Most of the time3 Always2 How often did your caregivers threaten you with a weapon? Never84 Rarely7 Sometimes3 Often<1 Most of the time<1 Always<1 51%13% Koenig, A. L., Ialongo, N., Wagner, B. M., Poduska, J., & Kellam, S. (2002). Negative caregiver strategies and psychopathology in urban, African-American young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 1211-1233. ARE THESE EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL ABUSE? WHY OR WHY NOT?

11. CA Def & Meas11 How often did your caregivers hit you hard enough to cause bruising? Never74 Rarely13 Sometimes7 Often1 Most of the time<1 Always<1 How often did your caregivers hit you hard enough to cause bleeding? Never91 Rarely4 Sometimes1 Often<1 Most of the time<1 Always<1 24%8%

12. CA Def & Meas12 CHILDREN AGE 7-9, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL, 1999 (N=271) AVEZEDO1

13. CA Def & Meas13 IN MOST CONFIRMED CASES OF CHILD ABUSE THE CHILD IS NOT INJURED ENOUGH TO NEED MEDICAL ATTENTION Garbarino -- 85% did not need medical attention Canadian Incidence Study (2005) -- 90%

14. CA Def & Meas14 WHAT CAUSES THE HUGE DIFFERFENCES IN RATES?  Severity of the attacks studied – slapping to stabbing  Whether the criterion is the attack or injury  How many types of attacks are listed - example, soap in mouth  Age of the children studied  Who provides the data: parent, child, human service professional, police  Differences in social setting – cultural and social structural factors that are related to child abuse  The context of the survey – “family problems” versus “crime”  Random sample versus sample of families with a problem

15. CA Def & Meas15 TYPICAL CASE OF PHYSICAL ABUSE VERSUS MEDIA CASE PHYSICAL ABUSE OF CHILD TYPICALMEDIA CASE VIOLENTCorporalCruel & ACTSPunishment often bizarre Escalates..Attacks INJURYChild Child needs bruisedmedical care or dies COVERAGEIgnored byFront page Media unless a celebrity

16. CA Def & Meas16 END FOR SOC 695

17. CA Def & Meas17 SOME CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING HOW IMPORTANT A SOCIAL PROBLEM IS  PREVALENCE RATE  DEGREE OF HARM CAUSED Percentage harmed (“effect size”) Severity of harm  CULTURAL NORMS  EACH OF THE ABOVE INFLUENCES THE OTHER  THE MOST HARMFUL PROBLEM FOR INDIVIDUALS MAY NOT BE THE BIGGEST PROBLEM FOR SOCIETY Example spanking versus physical abuse as risk factors for depression

18. CA Def & Meas18 THREE KEY THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT ANY ASPECT OF FAMILY VIOLENCE PREVALENCE CAUSES EFFECTS

19. CA Def & Meas19 CTSPC

20. CA Def & Meas20

21. CA Def & Meas21 Rates for “Any Physical Maltreatment” are similar to those found in 4 Eastern European Countries by Sebre et al

22. CA Def & Meas22 ARAB ADOLESCENTS

23. CA Def & Meas23 AUSTRALIAN BIRTH COHORT STUDY ALL CHILDREN BORN IN QUEENSLAND IN 1983: 41,700, RATES FOR CASES KNOWN TO CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES 10% WERE ABUSED BY AGE 17 Rate Neglect4.1% Physical abuse3.8% Emotional abuse2.4% Sexual Abuse2.3% US RATES FOR CASES KNOWN TO CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES ARE MUCH LOWER, BUT THEY ARE FOR ONE-YEAR US DISTRIBUTION OF CASES IS SIMILAR: Neglecthalf of all cases Physical abuse Emotional abuse Sexual Abuse US RATES FOR SELF-REPORTED ABUSE???

24. CA Def & Meas24 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Hit by Parents when Under the Age of 12 (vs01) Site % USA-LOUISIAN 68.6 MEX-JUAREZ 66.0 CAN-WINNIPEG 64.4 USA-MISSISSP 64.0 USA-CINCINN 63.4 HONGKONG 62.7 USA-TX-N MEX 62.5 KOR-PUSAN 58.8 CAN-HAMILTON 58.4 USA-UTAH 58.4 CAN-LONDON 57.2 NZL-CHRISTCH 55.2 USA-TX-MEX 54.4 CHE-FRENCH 51.9 USA-NH 2 49.3 USA-NH 1 44.0 CHE-GERMAN 35.2 CAN-MONTREAL 27.3 PRT-BRAGA 23.5 ISR-EMEKZYRL 22.8 BRA-SAOPAULO 19.6 NDL-AMSTRDAM 19.5 Hit by Parents When a Teenager (vs02) Site % HONGKONG 56.4 KOR-PUSAN 52.2 PRT-BRAGA 45.5 BRA-SAOPALO 40.0 USA-MISSISSP 37.8 USA-LOUISIAN 37.4 USA-TX-MEX 34.5 MEX-JUAREZ 30.1 CAN-HAMILTON 26.5 CAN-LONDON 26.4 USA-CINCINN 26.2 CAN-WINNIPEG 24.1 USA-TX-N MEX 23.4 CHE-FRENCH 20.4 CAN-MONTREAL 19.2 ISR-EMEKZYRL 19.2 NZL-CHRISTCH 17.2 USA-NH 1 16.8 USA-UTAH 16.8 CHE-GERMAN 16.8 USA-NH 2 16.1 NDL-AMSTRDAM 12.6 Hit by Non-Family Adults & Children as a Child (vs10) Site % HONGKONG 72.3 KOR-PUSAN 62.8 CHE-FRENCH 57.0 NDL-AMSTRDAM 46.6 MEX-JUAREZ 45.7 CAN-LONDON 42.1 PRT-BRAGA 39.5 NZL-CHRISTCH 38.1 USA-UTAH 37.2 USA-CINCINN 36.2 CAN-WINNIPEG 36.1 CAN-HAMILTON 35.8 USA-TX-MEX 35.4 USA-LOUISIAN 35.2 USA-NH 1 33.4 USA-TX-N MEX 32.2 USA-MISSISSP 30.6 BRA-SAOPAULO 30.4 USA-NH 2 29.0 CAN-MONTREAL 28.0 ISR-EMEKZYRL 27.1 CHE-GERMAN 21.5 TABLE 1: CHILDHOOD PHYSICAL VIOLENCE VICTIMIZATION