2. Mitogens stimulate G1-Cdk and G1/S-Cdk activities

4. p27 suppresses CdK activity

5. The Rb protein acts as a brake in mammalian cells

6. Excessive stimulation of mitogenic pathways leads to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis

7. Cell growth like cell division is also stimulated by extracellular signals

8. Comparison of nerve cell size vs. lymphocyte size

9. Cancer

10. Cancer incidence and mortality in the United States

11. Tumors can not be detected until 10 8 to 10 9 cells are present

12. Why doesn’t cancer happen more often? 10 16 cell divisions in a human lifetime. 10 -6 mutations per gene per cell division a single gene will undergo mutations in 10 10 occasions during a humans lifetime

13. Cancer is caused by a slow accumulation of numerous random mutations in a single cell line

14. Cancers develop in slow stages from mildly aberrant cells

15. Cancer incidence as a function of age

16. Delayed onset of cancer following exposure to 2-naphthylamine

17. Age adjusted cancer death rates in the U.S. femalesmales

18. The Ames Test for Mutagenicity

19. Metastasis from carcinoma of the prostrate gland

20. Benign vs. Malignant Tumors

21. Melanoma cells with low filamin levels crawl poorly and tend not to metastasize

22. When filamin levels are restored the cells move normally and become highly metastatic

23. Filamin crosslinks actin into 3-dimensional networks with gel-like properties

26. Cancer results from somatic mutations The Philadelphia chromosome is associated with one type of leukemia

27. Chromosomes from breast tumors may display abnormalities in structure and number

31. Rb protein control of the cell cycle

32. The Rb protein acts as a brake in mammalian cells

34. Six ways of losing the remaining good copy of a tumor suppressor gene

35. When proto-oncogene becomes overactive it becomes an oncogene

36. Myc Gene Amplification

37. Mitogens stimulate G1-Cdk and G1/S-Cdk activities

39. Ocogene collaboration in transgenic mice

40. Viruses May cause Cancer Papillomavirus causes warts and subverts the control of cell division

41. Pap smears normalabnormalinvasive

42. How papillomaviruses are thought to give rise to cancer of the uterine cervix

43. Activation of cell proliferation by DNA tumor virus

44. Sequence of genetic changes underlying the development of a colorectal carcinoma

45. Each tumor will contain a different set of mutations

46. Effect of ionizing radiation on normal and cancer cells