1. Frontiers of Change, Politics of Stalemate, 1865-1898
Chapter 18
Frontiers of Change, Politics of Stalemate,
© 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

2. Agencies of Westward Expansion
Transcontinental railroads
“The Great American Desert”
“Sodbuster"
“Bonanza farms“
Mining and ranching
Power of eastern capital and railroads
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3. The Mining Frontier Gold, silver and copper mines
Mining becomes high capitalized and mechanized
Western Federation of Miners
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4. The Ranching Frontier
Civil War creates viable market for free roaming western cattle
Sedalia, Missouri
Chisholm Trail to Abilene, Kansas
Railroad creeps west
“Range wars“
Decline of free range cattle
Western Frontier as myth
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show
Frederick Jackson Turner
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

5. Beef Cattle in the United States, 1867-1897
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6. The Last Indian Frontier
Expansion of ranching and farming doomed Plains Indians and buffalo
“Policy of concentration”
5 “Civilized tribes” reconstructed
Indians settled on land reconstructed from 5 “Civilized tribes”
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7. Conflict with the Sioux
Civil War loosens control of western Indians
Santee Sioux (1862)
Chief Little Crow
Lakota Sioux
Little Big Horn (1876)
Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse vs. George A. Custer
Philip Sheridan
"Ghost Dance" (1890)
Wounded Knee
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8. Suppression of Other Plains Indians
Cheyennes
Chief Black Kettle
Sand Creek massacre (1864)
Buffalo
Reservations
Nez Percé
Chief Joseph
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9. The “Peace Policy” Helen Hunt Jackson
A Century of Dishonor (1881)
Ramona (1884)
Grant proposes “civilization and ultimate citizenship”
Board of Indian Commissioners (1869)
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
Gave individual Indians land, made tribal land open to American settlement
Indian non-cooperation as resistance
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10. Mexican Americans
Mexican Americans in West forced to adjust to new order
Many lost their land, political influence and cultural identity
Barrios
Mexican legacy
Mining and agricultural techniques
Mining, community property, and water law
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11. The New South “Lost Cause” mythology Election of 1880
Thomas Nelson Page
Election of 1880
Winfield Scott Hancock
James Garfield
Henry Grady and the New South
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12. Southern Industry Cotton textile mills
James B. Duke and the American Tobacco Company (1890)
Railroad and iron industries
Birmingham
South dependent on North for much of the capital to finance New South
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13. Southern Agriculture Crop lien system Sharecropping
Increase in global cotton production
Emphasis on cash crop production
South becomes food importing region
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14. Race Relations in the South
Lynching
Disfranchisement
Poll taxes, literacy tests, etc.
Williams v. Mississippi (1898)
Republican party almost disappears
White primary
"Jim Crow" laws
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Convict lease system
Booker T. Washington
Atlanta Exposition speech (1895)
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15. The Politics of Stalemate
Grave economic issues of U.S. from :
Rapid industrialization
Inadequate monetary system
Agricultural distress
Labor protests
Despite these national crises, the political parties remained mired in their partisan pasts
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16. Knife-Edge Electoral Balance
5 Presidential Elections between were most closely contested in history
Political Stalemate:
Divided government
Even balance between 2 major parties
Republicans “waved the bloody shirt”
Geographic “availability” of presidential nominees
Swing states: New York, Ohio, and Indiana
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17. Civil Service Reform Republican factions James A. Garfield (1881)
Mugwumps, Stalwarts, and Half-Breeds
James A. Garfield (1881)
Charles Guiteau
Chester A. Arthur ( )
Pendleton Act (1883)
Election of 1884
Republican James Blaine
Democrat Grover Cleveland
Mugwumps defect to Cleveland
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18. The Tariff Issue Cleveland and low tariffs Benjamin Harrison
Protective tariffs
Generous pensions to Union veterans to spend surplus caused by protective tariffs
McKinley Tariff (1890)
William McKinley
Negative voter reaction
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19. Conclusion Frederick Jackson Turner
“Frontier thesis”
Panic of 1893 and resulting depression
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