1. Fall 2006 MUSE 11B Catastrophic Earthquakes

2. There are many types of catastrophic events Both natural and manmade

3. They all have characteristics in common Damage to the built and natural environment Injuries and death Large economic losses (both short term and long term) Social consequences such as displaced people, disrupted communities & psychological trauma Consequences can be minimized by preplanning, mitigation measures and well design response and recovery.

4. Hurricane Katrina was one of the strongest hurricanes to hit the US in the last 100 years with insured losses of $20 to $35 billion and total losses of more than $100 billion. At least 1,800 people died Many more were made homeless

5. Tsunamis speed across the ocean at more than 500 mph Tsunami damage in Hilo Hawaii, April 1, 1946, due to an earthquake with a reported magnitude of 7.1 that occurred in the Aleutian Islands off of Alaska.

6. Oakland Hills Firestorm - 1991 Deaths............................................…………25 Injuries.............................................………150 Single Family Dwellings Destroyed.……2,843 Single Family Dwellings Damaged.....……193 Apartment Units Destroyed..................…...433 Total Living Units Damaged/Destroyed.....3,469 Total Acreage Burned by the Fire...............1,520 Fire Perimeter...............................................5.25 Miles Estimated Dollar Fire Loss......................$1,537,000,000

7. Ice Storms From January 5-10, 1998 eastern Canada experienced one if its worst ice storms in history More than 4 million people were without power for hours. The third week following the onset of the storm, more than 700,000 were still without electricity. 25 died. Water treatment plants were not working. Many maple syrup producers were destroyed.

8. Floods Prague was hit hard in August 2002 with the worst flooding in at least 500 years on the Vltava River. Impacts included electrical power outages, release of hazardous materials (chlorine gas), evacuation of tourists during the height of the season, water-logged subway systems, loss of valuable animals in the zoo, damage to and loss of function of historic bridges, and economic losses estimated in the billions of dollars.

9. Earthquakes With $44 billion in property damage, the 1994 Northridge earthquake was considered one of the costliest natural disasters in history…until 1995 Kobe ($120 billion) (and then of course Katrina) Intersection of I-5 and State Route 14 Building in Kobe

10. Unreinforced Masonry Buildings (URM) Much of the older building stock in California consists of URMs which are very vulnerable to collapse or partial collapse

11. Damage to Power Transmission Facilities Power outages cause disruption to individuals, businesses and emergency response

12. Failed bridges disrupt commutes

13. Poorly designed structures Many newly built parking garages failed in the Northridge earthquake. Fortunately the earthquake occurred early in the morning when the structures were unoccupied.

14. Fire Following Earthquake Broken gas lines can cause fires. With fire departments already stressed, water mains broken and roads blocked it can be difficult to respond.

15. Liquefaction Liquefaction in Northridge When liquefaction occurs streets and foundations get torn apart.

16. Non-structural damage can be deadly Library at CSU Los Angeles

17. Medical facilities may not be available

18. Hazardous Materials It is important to install systems to prevent containers from falling off of shelves.

19. Non-structural Damage Elevators non-functional Water, wastewater and sprinkler pipes broken

20. Non-structural Damage We had this type of damage at SJSU during the Loma Prieta earthquake

21. Falling hazards can be dangerous From here To here You don’t want to be here!!

22. In addition to deaths, there are also many less severe casualties (hospitalized and non- hospitalized)

23. Most deaths occur in collapsed buildings